Chapter 16: Behavioral Analysis Positive – presentation of aversive stimulus
Burrhus Frederic Skinner – March 20, 1904 Negative – removal of a positive one
(Susquehanna, Pennsylvania)
Effects of Punishment
William and Grace Mange Burrhus Skinner
1. Prevent people from acting in a particular
Conditioning way, if it is successful, people will stop
behaving in that manner
2 Kinds of Conditioning
2. Suppress behavior
1. Classical Conditioning – a neutral (conditioned) 3. Conditioning of a negative feeling
stimulus is paired with – that is, immediately 4. Spread of its effects
precedes – an unconditional stimulus a number of
Conditioned Reinforcer – environmental stimuli
times until it is capable of bringing about a
that are not by nature satisfying but become so
previously unconditioned response (conditioned
because they are associated with such unlearned or
response)
primary reinforce
2. Operant Conditioning – immediate
Generalized Reinforcer – associated with more than
reinforcement of a response
one primary reinforce
Reinforcement – increases the probability that the
5 Important Generalized Reinforcers
same behavior will occur again
1. Attention
Shaping – rewards gross approximations of the
2. Approval
behavior, then closer approximation, and finally the
3. Affection
desired behavior
4. Submission of Others
Successive Approximation – environment gradually 5. Token (Money)
shapes the final complex set of behaviors
Schedules of Reinforcement
3 Conditions in Operant Conditioning
1. Continuous Schedule – organism is reinforced for
1. Antecedent – environment or setting in every response
which the behavior takes place
Increases the frequency of a response
2. Behavior – behavior itself
3. Consequence – reward/punishment 2. Intermittent Schedule – they make more efficient
use of the reinforce, produce responses that are
Operant Discrimination – consequence of our
more resistant to extinction
reinforcement history
4 Basic Intermittent Schedules
Stimulus Generalization – response to a similar
environment in the absence of previous 1. Fixed-Ratio – reinforced intermittently according
reinforcement to the number of responses it makes
Reinforcement – strengthen the behavior and it 2. Variable-Ratio – reinforced after the nth
rewards the person response on the average
Positive Reinforcement – stimulus, when added to 3. Fixed-Interval – reinforced for the first response
situation, increases the probability that a given following a designated period of time
behavior will occur
4. Variable-Interval – reinforced after the lapse of
Negative Reinforcement – removal of an aversive random or varied periods of time
stimulus from a situation also increases the
Operant Extinction – experimenter withholds
probability that the preceding behavior will occur
reinforcement of a previously learned response
Punishment
Burrhus Frederic Skinner – March 20, 1904 Negative – removal of a positive one
(Susquehanna, Pennsylvania)
Effects of Punishment
William and Grace Mange Burrhus Skinner
1. Prevent people from acting in a particular
Conditioning way, if it is successful, people will stop
behaving in that manner
2 Kinds of Conditioning
2. Suppress behavior
1. Classical Conditioning – a neutral (conditioned) 3. Conditioning of a negative feeling
stimulus is paired with – that is, immediately 4. Spread of its effects
precedes – an unconditional stimulus a number of
Conditioned Reinforcer – environmental stimuli
times until it is capable of bringing about a
that are not by nature satisfying but become so
previously unconditioned response (conditioned
because they are associated with such unlearned or
response)
primary reinforce
2. Operant Conditioning – immediate
Generalized Reinforcer – associated with more than
reinforcement of a response
one primary reinforce
Reinforcement – increases the probability that the
5 Important Generalized Reinforcers
same behavior will occur again
1. Attention
Shaping – rewards gross approximations of the
2. Approval
behavior, then closer approximation, and finally the
3. Affection
desired behavior
4. Submission of Others
Successive Approximation – environment gradually 5. Token (Money)
shapes the final complex set of behaviors
Schedules of Reinforcement
3 Conditions in Operant Conditioning
1. Continuous Schedule – organism is reinforced for
1. Antecedent – environment or setting in every response
which the behavior takes place
Increases the frequency of a response
2. Behavior – behavior itself
3. Consequence – reward/punishment 2. Intermittent Schedule – they make more efficient
use of the reinforce, produce responses that are
Operant Discrimination – consequence of our
more resistant to extinction
reinforcement history
4 Basic Intermittent Schedules
Stimulus Generalization – response to a similar
environment in the absence of previous 1. Fixed-Ratio – reinforced intermittently according
reinforcement to the number of responses it makes
Reinforcement – strengthen the behavior and it 2. Variable-Ratio – reinforced after the nth
rewards the person response on the average
Positive Reinforcement – stimulus, when added to 3. Fixed-Interval – reinforced for the first response
situation, increases the probability that a given following a designated period of time
behavior will occur
4. Variable-Interval – reinforced after the lapse of
Negative Reinforcement – removal of an aversive random or varied periods of time
stimulus from a situation also increases the
Operant Extinction – experimenter withholds
probability that the preceding behavior will occur
reinforcement of a previously learned response
Punishment
