ICVA NAVLE Prep Questions and
Answers.
What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn cattle? -
\Cornual
What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn goats? -
\cornual nerve and infratrochlear nerve
Several rabbits in a commercial meat operation have developed genital scabs, perineal
ulcerations a crusty exudate around the nose and eyes. Microhemaglutination tests are
positive for treponematosis.
Which one of the following steps is most effective to treat this problem?
A - Amprolium-medicated feed for whole herd, 2 weeks; Increase ventilation
B - Clindamycin PO for exposed rabbits, 8 days; Cull affected animals
C - Amipcillin PO for affected rabbits, 10-14 days
D - Isolate affected animals, Lincomycin in water 2-3 weeks
E - Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days -
\Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days
Two bucket-fed veal calves are depressed and stunted and have sticky feces coating
their hindquarters. Fluid-splashing sounds are audible during auscultation over the left
flank when a calf is drinking.
Passage of a stomach tube obtains a rancid-smelling liquid with a pH of 5.2 [N=5.9-6.2]
Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate treatment?
A - Cull affected calves
B - Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
C - Wean affected calves; Shift to bottle-feeding for well calves
D - Vitamin E/Selenium injections, plus dietary supplements
E - Inoculate rumen fluid from a healthy cow into calf by stomach tube -
\B - Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
This is the clinical picture of a ruminal drinker calf with chronic indigestion from milk
deposited directly into the rumen.
Treat by removing the fermented material and flushing the rumen with saline. Attempt to
induce gastric/reticular groove closure during feeding by inducing vigorous sucking
activity with a finger before feeding milk. If calves relapse, consider weaning.
,The problem occurs due to failure of the gastric groove reflex, which normally shunts
milk directly into the abomasum, (bypassing the rumen). Most often seen in bucket fed
calves who gulp their milk.
Abortions due to brucellosis tend to occur at what stage of pregnancy? -
\D - Last half of pregnancy
Typically, Brucellosis causes abortion in the LAST HALF of pregnancy, for the 5th
month onwards. Last trimester is also a good answer, though not entirely correct. You
might remember "Bruce is always late".
Expect STILLBORN calves. Cows only abort ONCE.
Brucellosis is REPORTABLE.
The vaccines used are the Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine or the RB51 vaccine,
given to heifer calves 4-12 months old, along with a USDA tattoo in the right ear.
Remember: "The right ear is the RIGHT EAR".
BVD and Trichomoniasis (occasionally) can cause early abortion in cows, but MOST
things cause abortion late, like 3rd trimester.
Listeriosis and Arcanobacterium pyogenes can cause abortion at any time during
pregnancy.
A cow is presented on emergency with urea/non-protein nitrogen toxicity.
What is the treatment of choice?
A - Atropine, Protopam chloride IV q 4-6 hours
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
C - Rumenotomy
D - IV Fluids with MgSO4, Na thiosulfate PO
E - Relieve bloat, drench with 2-8 liters sodium bicarbonate -
\B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
A 3-month old calf is presented for necropsy. The calf collapsed and suddenly died this
morning after she escaped and was chased around the back pasture for 45 minutes by
her owner.
Among other things, endocardial plaques in the left ventricle of this calf's heart are
discovered.
What advice should be given the farmer?
A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
,B - Check the mother for bovine leukosis by AGID
C - Take all the calves off ionophore-containing feed
D - Start the other calves on Ceftiofur (Naxcel ®)
E - Search the calf barn for sources of lead -
\A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium. Think White Muscle Disease when you
see SUDDEN DEATH and endocardial PLAQUES in a young calf, lamb or kid with a
history of recent VIGOROUS EXERCISE. Follow this link to a Merck image of pale
ventricular myocardium.
Typically seen in young, fast-growing animals (ie: calves 2 weeks-6 mos) Clinical signs
may include dyspnea (due to myocardial disease), stiff gait, arched back, weakness,
recumbent but BAR (bright, alert, responsive).
Sudden death may resemble enterotoxemia, should see acute bloody diarrhea,
convulsions, opisthotonos in first days of life with enterotoxemia.
Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic significance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus -
\C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water-associated
outbreaks of diarrhea in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans from a number of
different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs)
E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do not. (There IS
a human version of rotavirus, however)
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not contagious.
Swainsonine is a toxic compound present in which one of the following plants?
A - Persea americana (Avocado)
B - Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)
C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
D - Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)
E - Nerium oleander (Oleander) -
\C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
, Swainsonine is found in many species of Astragalus and Oxytropis, called locoweeds,
vetches, or milk vetches.
Ingestion of swainsonine causes neurologic signs of cerebral disease, called "locoism"
in livestock. Behavior changes, aggression, ataxia, depression, circling, and vision loss
are some of the clinical signs seen.
Recovery is possible with removal of the source, but since locoweed is palatable,
animals may eat it again even when other forage is available.
Cattle consuming locoweed at high altitudes can develop congestive heart failure, called
"High mountain disease". Pulmonary hypertension causes excessive strain on the heart
muscle.
Nerium oleander (Oleander) contains cardiac gylcosides.
Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) contains glycosides and thiaminase.
Persea americana (Avocado) contains persin.
Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) contains cyanide.
An 8-year old Quarterhorse brood mare presents with an acute onset of colic. On
presentation she has a heart rate of 58, respiratory rate of 28, and is seen rolling on the
ground. CRT is approximately 3.0 seconds and mucous membranes are slightly red.
She has rectal temperature is 101.6F. Gastrointestinal sounds are completely absent
and gastric reflux yielded 15L of brown- to yellow- colored fluid. Peritoneal fluid analysis
yielded a cloudy yellow fluid with a protein of 2.8 gm/dl and white blood cell count of
11,354/ul. Which of the following is not a likely diagnosis?
Epiploic foramen entrapment
Mesenteric rent
Small intestinal volvulus
Strangulating lipoma -
\Strangulating lipoma
Explanation - The correct answer is strangulating lipoma. The clinical signs are
consistent with any of the answer choices. However, a strangulating lipoma is least
likely to be the case since this horse is still relatively young. Strangulating lipomas are
commonly seen in older horses.
What is the main lesion associated with polioencephalomalacia in cattle?
Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Bacterial infiltration of the gyri
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Herniation of the cerebellum -
\Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Answers.
What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn cattle? -
\Cornual
What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn goats? -
\cornual nerve and infratrochlear nerve
Several rabbits in a commercial meat operation have developed genital scabs, perineal
ulcerations a crusty exudate around the nose and eyes. Microhemaglutination tests are
positive for treponematosis.
Which one of the following steps is most effective to treat this problem?
A - Amprolium-medicated feed for whole herd, 2 weeks; Increase ventilation
B - Clindamycin PO for exposed rabbits, 8 days; Cull affected animals
C - Amipcillin PO for affected rabbits, 10-14 days
D - Isolate affected animals, Lincomycin in water 2-3 weeks
E - Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days -
\Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days
Two bucket-fed veal calves are depressed and stunted and have sticky feces coating
their hindquarters. Fluid-splashing sounds are audible during auscultation over the left
flank when a calf is drinking.
Passage of a stomach tube obtains a rancid-smelling liquid with a pH of 5.2 [N=5.9-6.2]
Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate treatment?
A - Cull affected calves
B - Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
C - Wean affected calves; Shift to bottle-feeding for well calves
D - Vitamin E/Selenium injections, plus dietary supplements
E - Inoculate rumen fluid from a healthy cow into calf by stomach tube -
\B - Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
This is the clinical picture of a ruminal drinker calf with chronic indigestion from milk
deposited directly into the rumen.
Treat by removing the fermented material and flushing the rumen with saline. Attempt to
induce gastric/reticular groove closure during feeding by inducing vigorous sucking
activity with a finger before feeding milk. If calves relapse, consider weaning.
,The problem occurs due to failure of the gastric groove reflex, which normally shunts
milk directly into the abomasum, (bypassing the rumen). Most often seen in bucket fed
calves who gulp their milk.
Abortions due to brucellosis tend to occur at what stage of pregnancy? -
\D - Last half of pregnancy
Typically, Brucellosis causes abortion in the LAST HALF of pregnancy, for the 5th
month onwards. Last trimester is also a good answer, though not entirely correct. You
might remember "Bruce is always late".
Expect STILLBORN calves. Cows only abort ONCE.
Brucellosis is REPORTABLE.
The vaccines used are the Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine or the RB51 vaccine,
given to heifer calves 4-12 months old, along with a USDA tattoo in the right ear.
Remember: "The right ear is the RIGHT EAR".
BVD and Trichomoniasis (occasionally) can cause early abortion in cows, but MOST
things cause abortion late, like 3rd trimester.
Listeriosis and Arcanobacterium pyogenes can cause abortion at any time during
pregnancy.
A cow is presented on emergency with urea/non-protein nitrogen toxicity.
What is the treatment of choice?
A - Atropine, Protopam chloride IV q 4-6 hours
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
C - Rumenotomy
D - IV Fluids with MgSO4, Na thiosulfate PO
E - Relieve bloat, drench with 2-8 liters sodium bicarbonate -
\B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
A 3-month old calf is presented for necropsy. The calf collapsed and suddenly died this
morning after she escaped and was chased around the back pasture for 45 minutes by
her owner.
Among other things, endocardial plaques in the left ventricle of this calf's heart are
discovered.
What advice should be given the farmer?
A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
,B - Check the mother for bovine leukosis by AGID
C - Take all the calves off ionophore-containing feed
D - Start the other calves on Ceftiofur (Naxcel ®)
E - Search the calf barn for sources of lead -
\A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium. Think White Muscle Disease when you
see SUDDEN DEATH and endocardial PLAQUES in a young calf, lamb or kid with a
history of recent VIGOROUS EXERCISE. Follow this link to a Merck image of pale
ventricular myocardium.
Typically seen in young, fast-growing animals (ie: calves 2 weeks-6 mos) Clinical signs
may include dyspnea (due to myocardial disease), stiff gait, arched back, weakness,
recumbent but BAR (bright, alert, responsive).
Sudden death may resemble enterotoxemia, should see acute bloody diarrhea,
convulsions, opisthotonos in first days of life with enterotoxemia.
Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic significance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus -
\C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water-associated
outbreaks of diarrhea in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans from a number of
different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs)
E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do not. (There IS
a human version of rotavirus, however)
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not contagious.
Swainsonine is a toxic compound present in which one of the following plants?
A - Persea americana (Avocado)
B - Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)
C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
D - Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)
E - Nerium oleander (Oleander) -
\C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
, Swainsonine is found in many species of Astragalus and Oxytropis, called locoweeds,
vetches, or milk vetches.
Ingestion of swainsonine causes neurologic signs of cerebral disease, called "locoism"
in livestock. Behavior changes, aggression, ataxia, depression, circling, and vision loss
are some of the clinical signs seen.
Recovery is possible with removal of the source, but since locoweed is palatable,
animals may eat it again even when other forage is available.
Cattle consuming locoweed at high altitudes can develop congestive heart failure, called
"High mountain disease". Pulmonary hypertension causes excessive strain on the heart
muscle.
Nerium oleander (Oleander) contains cardiac gylcosides.
Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) contains glycosides and thiaminase.
Persea americana (Avocado) contains persin.
Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) contains cyanide.
An 8-year old Quarterhorse brood mare presents with an acute onset of colic. On
presentation she has a heart rate of 58, respiratory rate of 28, and is seen rolling on the
ground. CRT is approximately 3.0 seconds and mucous membranes are slightly red.
She has rectal temperature is 101.6F. Gastrointestinal sounds are completely absent
and gastric reflux yielded 15L of brown- to yellow- colored fluid. Peritoneal fluid analysis
yielded a cloudy yellow fluid with a protein of 2.8 gm/dl and white blood cell count of
11,354/ul. Which of the following is not a likely diagnosis?
Epiploic foramen entrapment
Mesenteric rent
Small intestinal volvulus
Strangulating lipoma -
\Strangulating lipoma
Explanation - The correct answer is strangulating lipoma. The clinical signs are
consistent with any of the answer choices. However, a strangulating lipoma is least
likely to be the case since this horse is still relatively young. Strangulating lipomas are
commonly seen in older horses.
What is the main lesion associated with polioencephalomalacia in cattle?
Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Bacterial infiltration of the gyri
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Herniation of the cerebellum -
\Necrosis of cortical gray matter
