ICVA NAVLE Test 3 Questions and
Answers.
Which test would be a best indicator of moody sweet clover toxicity in a horse? -
\Prothrombin time (PT).
Sweet clover can contain a number of fungi that create dicumarol, a warfarin-like toxin.
It inhibits vit K and interferes with synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X. Because factor
VII has a shortest half life of these factors, it will be depleted first. Factor VII is incvolved
in the extrinsic coagulation pathway and would therefore be elevated first after ingestion
of sweet clover. PT is a measure of the extrinsic pathway (and common). PTT is a
measure of intrinsic and common. TT is a measure of the final steps of coagulation
taking fibrinogen to fibrin. Cattle are affected by moody sweet clover toxicity more
frequently than horses.
You arrive to a canine breeding kennel to help them with an outbreak of diarrhea that
appears to be of the malabsorptive and maldigestive kind. You perform several fecal
smears to help find a diagnosis. On several of the smears you notice a protozoal
organism swimming around in a "falling leaf" motion when you are at 40x. These
organisms also have a ventral concave disc, are pear shaped, binucleate, and are
approximately 15 x 8 micrometers. What is the organism? -
\Giardia.
Young, immunodeficiency, and grouped animals tend to show signs. This question
provides a classical description of the motile trophozoite. Remember, the cyst is the
active mode, not the trophozoite.
T. Foetus has an undulating membrane which help differentiate from giardia along with
the 3-4 anterior flagella. Additionally, it isn't commonly found in dogs.
When looking for isospora, you would expect to see them on a fecal flotation in the form
of oocyte.
Cryptosporidium would be round and slightly smaller than a red blood cell. Acid-fast of
fluorescent antibody stains are performed on direct fecal smears to help find these small
organisms.
During a busy day in the summer, you have a walk-in appointment of a ferret that has
been attacked by a skunk. After taking a history, you learn from the owner that this
ferret is unvaccinated. What should you do? -
\Euthanise immedietly and submit for testing. If O declines, vaccinate immediately and
quarantine for 6 months. (Dogs/cats quarantine for 4 months)
The direct fluorescent antibody test detects viral antigens and should be tested on two
locations from the brain (brainstem and cerebellum) and is the test of choice for rabies
dx.
, If ferret was current on vx, booster immediately and have the owners observe closely for
45 days ( same as dogs and cats).
If O is able to provide proof the ferret had been previously vx but is overdue, guidelines
direct the booster immediately and keep the ferret under o observation for 45days.
A 3 year old male Weimaraner presents to your clinic with complaints of anorexia,
weight loss, and progressive exercise intolerance and dyspnea with a dry, hacking
cough. On physical exam, he is cachectic (BCS 2/9), febrile (103.8 F, 39.9 C), and has
diffuse peripheral lymphadenopathy. Thoracic radiographs show a diffuse nodular
interstitial pattern in all lung fields. Cytology of a lymph node aspirate shows suppurative
inflammation. What is the MOST likely diagnosis to explain all of these findings? -
\Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatiditis)
Diagnoses is sometimes easy by visualisation of organisms in aspirates or skin
scrapings, but isn't the usual case. BRoad-based budding yeast. The next step is to
obtain a DDx by transtracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage.
A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner found a
month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from the shelter. The
owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother
the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary gland, and no
other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable, and chest radiographs are clear.
What is the chance that this tumor is malignant? -
\70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat before 6 months of
age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by 7 fold.
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single mammary mass.
An 8 week old Beefmaster calf presents with a 2 day history of rapid and labored
respiration, depression, salivation, nasal and ocular discharge, and a "honking" cough.
On physical exam, there are no signs of sepsis, but the calf is tachypneic, dyspneic and
febrile. Crackles are audible throughout the lung fields. What is your top differential? -
\Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. The key is being able to make this your top
differential is noting the "honking" cough, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, and that the calf isn't
septic. Pulmonary lesions include severe oedema and emphysema. Treatment is
usually supportive and antibiotics are given to protect from secondary bacterial
infection.
The viscera from a group of 100 kg pigs are presented at a slaughter facility. The pigs
were raised in a semi-outdoor management farm system with groups of 30-100 kg pigs
kept on the same site. At slaughter, multifocal fibrotic lesions are seen in their livers and
noticeable nematodes are present within the small intestine. You perform a fecal
flotation on a fresh sample from the younger pigs. The results are shown in the image
below. What treatment or management recommendation is most appropriate for this
problem? -
Answers.
Which test would be a best indicator of moody sweet clover toxicity in a horse? -
\Prothrombin time (PT).
Sweet clover can contain a number of fungi that create dicumarol, a warfarin-like toxin.
It inhibits vit K and interferes with synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X. Because factor
VII has a shortest half life of these factors, it will be depleted first. Factor VII is incvolved
in the extrinsic coagulation pathway and would therefore be elevated first after ingestion
of sweet clover. PT is a measure of the extrinsic pathway (and common). PTT is a
measure of intrinsic and common. TT is a measure of the final steps of coagulation
taking fibrinogen to fibrin. Cattle are affected by moody sweet clover toxicity more
frequently than horses.
You arrive to a canine breeding kennel to help them with an outbreak of diarrhea that
appears to be of the malabsorptive and maldigestive kind. You perform several fecal
smears to help find a diagnosis. On several of the smears you notice a protozoal
organism swimming around in a "falling leaf" motion when you are at 40x. These
organisms also have a ventral concave disc, are pear shaped, binucleate, and are
approximately 15 x 8 micrometers. What is the organism? -
\Giardia.
Young, immunodeficiency, and grouped animals tend to show signs. This question
provides a classical description of the motile trophozoite. Remember, the cyst is the
active mode, not the trophozoite.
T. Foetus has an undulating membrane which help differentiate from giardia along with
the 3-4 anterior flagella. Additionally, it isn't commonly found in dogs.
When looking for isospora, you would expect to see them on a fecal flotation in the form
of oocyte.
Cryptosporidium would be round and slightly smaller than a red blood cell. Acid-fast of
fluorescent antibody stains are performed on direct fecal smears to help find these small
organisms.
During a busy day in the summer, you have a walk-in appointment of a ferret that has
been attacked by a skunk. After taking a history, you learn from the owner that this
ferret is unvaccinated. What should you do? -
\Euthanise immedietly and submit for testing. If O declines, vaccinate immediately and
quarantine for 6 months. (Dogs/cats quarantine for 4 months)
The direct fluorescent antibody test detects viral antigens and should be tested on two
locations from the brain (brainstem and cerebellum) and is the test of choice for rabies
dx.
, If ferret was current on vx, booster immediately and have the owners observe closely for
45 days ( same as dogs and cats).
If O is able to provide proof the ferret had been previously vx but is overdue, guidelines
direct the booster immediately and keep the ferret under o observation for 45days.
A 3 year old male Weimaraner presents to your clinic with complaints of anorexia,
weight loss, and progressive exercise intolerance and dyspnea with a dry, hacking
cough. On physical exam, he is cachectic (BCS 2/9), febrile (103.8 F, 39.9 C), and has
diffuse peripheral lymphadenopathy. Thoracic radiographs show a diffuse nodular
interstitial pattern in all lung fields. Cytology of a lymph node aspirate shows suppurative
inflammation. What is the MOST likely diagnosis to explain all of these findings? -
\Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatiditis)
Diagnoses is sometimes easy by visualisation of organisms in aspirates or skin
scrapings, but isn't the usual case. BRoad-based budding yeast. The next step is to
obtain a DDx by transtracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage.
A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner found a
month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from the shelter. The
owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother
the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary gland, and no
other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable, and chest radiographs are clear.
What is the chance that this tumor is malignant? -
\70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat before 6 months of
age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by 7 fold.
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single mammary mass.
An 8 week old Beefmaster calf presents with a 2 day history of rapid and labored
respiration, depression, salivation, nasal and ocular discharge, and a "honking" cough.
On physical exam, there are no signs of sepsis, but the calf is tachypneic, dyspneic and
febrile. Crackles are audible throughout the lung fields. What is your top differential? -
\Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. The key is being able to make this your top
differential is noting the "honking" cough, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, and that the calf isn't
septic. Pulmonary lesions include severe oedema and emphysema. Treatment is
usually supportive and antibiotics are given to protect from secondary bacterial
infection.
The viscera from a group of 100 kg pigs are presented at a slaughter facility. The pigs
were raised in a semi-outdoor management farm system with groups of 30-100 kg pigs
kept on the same site. At slaughter, multifocal fibrotic lesions are seen in their livers and
noticeable nematodes are present within the small intestine. You perform a fecal
flotation on a fresh sample from the younger pigs. The results are shown in the image
below. What treatment or management recommendation is most appropriate for this
problem? -
