Clinical Mental Health Counseling
Questions And Answers.
Holistic Model Approach versus Medical Model Approach -
\Strength-based Focus
Developmental Focus
Ecological Focus (e.g., biological, environmental)
Focus of Treatment
Approaches of Treatment
Early Sessions -
\Discuss informed consent
Establish rapport (i.e., use basic skills)
Inquire about individual's identified problem
Observe and assess nonverbal and verbal facial expressions • Affect • Tone • Eye
contact
(1-3 session)
Middle Sessions -
\Assessing and diagnosing the problem and goal setting • Assess needs and desired
changes
• Instill hope and overcome resistance
• Make a return appointment and assign task
• Record impressions and notes immediately
• Develop and discuss treatment plan
(~6 session)
Late Session -
\Use basic and advanced skills
• Emphasize and identify change
• Use appropriate humor
• Involve support network
(~8 session)
Termination Session -
\• Plan ahead
• Summarize progress
• Discuss treatment plan
• Relapse prevention
(~12 session)
Relevant Professional Organizations -
\1. American Counseling Association (ACA)
,2. American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
3. National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC)
4. Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP)
ACA (American Counseling Association) -
\• Founded in 1952
• National Vocational Guidance Association
• American College Personnel Association
• National Association of Guidance Supervisors
• Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education
• Represents the interests of professional counselors
• 20+ Divisions
• 20+ Interest Networks
• Nearly 60,000 members
AMHCA - American Mental Health Counselors Association -
\• Founded in 1976
• ACA Division in 1978
• Separate from ACA yet collaborative
• Represents interests of clinical mental health counselors
NBCC (National Board for Certified Counselors) -
\• Founded in 1981
1. National Certified Counselor (NCC)
National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Examination (NCMHCE)
National Counselor Examination for Licensure and Certification (NCE)
2. Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (CCMHC) National Clinical Mental Health
Counseling Examination (NCMHCE)
3. National Certified School Counselor (NCSC)
National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Examination (NCMHCE)
National Counselor Examination for Licensure and Certification (NCE)
4. Master Addictions Counselor (MAC)
Examination for Master Addictions Counselors (EMAC) • 55,000 counselors certified
CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) -
\• Founded in 1981 by ACA
• Seeks to maintain excellence in academic training standards for the counseling
professions
• Independent accrediting body recognized by the Council for Higher Education
Accreditation
• CACREP 2016 Standards
unconscious incompetence -
\you don't know that you don't know how to do something
, conscious incompetence -
\You know that you don't know how to do something and it bothers you.
conscious imcompetence -
\you know that you know how to do something and it takes effort
unconscious competence -
\you know how to do something and it is second nature; you rock at it
Clinical Mental Health Counseling in the 21st century -
\1. 53 licensing boards in states and territories
2. Managed Care Master's-level clinicians Importance of cost-effectiveness; no
diagnosis, no need for service Seeing more clients; fewer sessions Concurrent
documentation
3. Disaster and Crisis Response Counseling
4. Technology
Theory Characteristics and Components -
\1. View of individuals and families (e.g., good/bad, functional/dysfunctional, blank slate,
seeking connection)
2. Dysfunction (e.g., focus on content, poor emotional expression)
3. Function (e.g., externalization, affective communication)
4. Role of counselor (e.g., expert, join the system, facilitator)
5. Counseling Outcomes (e.g., emotional expression, solutions)
Foundational Theories: Human Development -
\• Psychosexual Development (Freud)
• Stages of Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
• Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)
• Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
• Racial/cultural Identity Development (Sue)
Foundational Theories: Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral -
\Classical Conditioning (e.g., pairing two stimuli; Pavlov)
• Operant Conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement versus punishment; Skinner)
• Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
• Attachment Theory (Bowlby)
• Cognitive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)
Foundational Theories: Systems -
\1. Microsystem: environmental, social, political , and biological forces that affect the
individual (e.g., neighborhoods, schools, religious affiliations)
2. Mesosystem: impact when microsystems interact and conflict arises
3. Exosystem: impact when two systems change around a family member and conflict
arises (e.g., mothers new job; father quits job)
4. Macrosystem: impact of larger systems on the individual
Questions And Answers.
Holistic Model Approach versus Medical Model Approach -
\Strength-based Focus
Developmental Focus
Ecological Focus (e.g., biological, environmental)
Focus of Treatment
Approaches of Treatment
Early Sessions -
\Discuss informed consent
Establish rapport (i.e., use basic skills)
Inquire about individual's identified problem
Observe and assess nonverbal and verbal facial expressions • Affect • Tone • Eye
contact
(1-3 session)
Middle Sessions -
\Assessing and diagnosing the problem and goal setting • Assess needs and desired
changes
• Instill hope and overcome resistance
• Make a return appointment and assign task
• Record impressions and notes immediately
• Develop and discuss treatment plan
(~6 session)
Late Session -
\Use basic and advanced skills
• Emphasize and identify change
• Use appropriate humor
• Involve support network
(~8 session)
Termination Session -
\• Plan ahead
• Summarize progress
• Discuss treatment plan
• Relapse prevention
(~12 session)
Relevant Professional Organizations -
\1. American Counseling Association (ACA)
,2. American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
3. National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC)
4. Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP)
ACA (American Counseling Association) -
\• Founded in 1952
• National Vocational Guidance Association
• American College Personnel Association
• National Association of Guidance Supervisors
• Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education
• Represents the interests of professional counselors
• 20+ Divisions
• 20+ Interest Networks
• Nearly 60,000 members
AMHCA - American Mental Health Counselors Association -
\• Founded in 1976
• ACA Division in 1978
• Separate from ACA yet collaborative
• Represents interests of clinical mental health counselors
NBCC (National Board for Certified Counselors) -
\• Founded in 1981
1. National Certified Counselor (NCC)
National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Examination (NCMHCE)
National Counselor Examination for Licensure and Certification (NCE)
2. Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (CCMHC) National Clinical Mental Health
Counseling Examination (NCMHCE)
3. National Certified School Counselor (NCSC)
National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Examination (NCMHCE)
National Counselor Examination for Licensure and Certification (NCE)
4. Master Addictions Counselor (MAC)
Examination for Master Addictions Counselors (EMAC) • 55,000 counselors certified
CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) -
\• Founded in 1981 by ACA
• Seeks to maintain excellence in academic training standards for the counseling
professions
• Independent accrediting body recognized by the Council for Higher Education
Accreditation
• CACREP 2016 Standards
unconscious incompetence -
\you don't know that you don't know how to do something
, conscious incompetence -
\You know that you don't know how to do something and it bothers you.
conscious imcompetence -
\you know that you know how to do something and it takes effort
unconscious competence -
\you know how to do something and it is second nature; you rock at it
Clinical Mental Health Counseling in the 21st century -
\1. 53 licensing boards in states and territories
2. Managed Care Master's-level clinicians Importance of cost-effectiveness; no
diagnosis, no need for service Seeing more clients; fewer sessions Concurrent
documentation
3. Disaster and Crisis Response Counseling
4. Technology
Theory Characteristics and Components -
\1. View of individuals and families (e.g., good/bad, functional/dysfunctional, blank slate,
seeking connection)
2. Dysfunction (e.g., focus on content, poor emotional expression)
3. Function (e.g., externalization, affective communication)
4. Role of counselor (e.g., expert, join the system, facilitator)
5. Counseling Outcomes (e.g., emotional expression, solutions)
Foundational Theories: Human Development -
\• Psychosexual Development (Freud)
• Stages of Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
• Stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)
• Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
• Racial/cultural Identity Development (Sue)
Foundational Theories: Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral -
\Classical Conditioning (e.g., pairing two stimuli; Pavlov)
• Operant Conditioning (e.g., positive reinforcement versus punishment; Skinner)
• Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
• Attachment Theory (Bowlby)
• Cognitive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)
Foundational Theories: Systems -
\1. Microsystem: environmental, social, political , and biological forces that affect the
individual (e.g., neighborhoods, schools, religious affiliations)
2. Mesosystem: impact when microsystems interact and conflict arises
3. Exosystem: impact when two systems change around a family member and conflict
arises (e.g., mothers new job; father quits job)
4. Macrosystem: impact of larger systems on the individual
