HESI A2 Health Information Systems Complete Test Preparation

Section I - Reading Comprehension. Directions: The following questions are based on a number of reading passages. Each passage is followed by a series of questions. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions based on it. You may reread the passage as often as you wish. When you have finished answering the questions based on one passage, go right on to the next passage. Choose the best answer based on the information given and implied. Questions 1 – 4 refer to the following passage. Passage 1 - Infectious Disease An infectious disease is a clinically evident illness resulting from the presence of pathogeni agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular parasites, and unusua proteins known as prions. Infectious pathologies are also called communicable diseases o transmissib diseases, due to their potential of transmission from one person or species t another by a replicating agent (as opposed to a toxin). Transmission of an infectious disease can occur in many different ways. Physical contact, liquids, food, body fluids, contaminated objects, and airborne inhalation can all transmit infectin Page 6 of 184 agents. Transmissible diseases that occur through contact with an ill person, or objects touched by them, are especially infective, and are sometimes referred to as contagious diseases. Communicable diseases that require a more specialized route of infection, such as through blood or needle transmission, or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as contagious. The term infectivity describes the ability of an organism to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the infectiousness of a disease indicates the comparative ease with which the disease is transmitted. An infection however, is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as an infection may not cause important clinical symptoms. 1 • What can we infer from the first paragraph in this passage? • Sickness from a toxin can be easily transmitted from one person to another. • Sickness from an infectious disease can be easily transmitted from one person to another. • Few sicknesses are transmitted from one person to another. • Infectious diseases are easily treated. • What are two other names for infections’ pathologies? • Communicable diseases or transmissible diseases • Communicable diseases or terminal diseases • Transmissible diseases or preventable diseases • Communicative diseases or unstable diseases • What does infectivity describe? • The inability of an organism to multiply in the host • The inability of an organism to reproduce • The ability of an organism to enter, survive and multiply in the host • The ability of an organism to reproduce in the host • How do we know an infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease? • Because an infectious disease destroys infections with enough time. • Because an infection may not cause important clinical symptoms or impair host function.c. We do not. The two are synonymous. d. Because an infection is too fatal to be an infectious disease. Questions 5 – 8 refer to the following passage. Passage 2 - Viruses A virus (from the Latin virus meaning toxin or poison) is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and single-celled organisms. Unlike prions and viroids, viruses consist of two or three parts: all viruses have genes made from either DNA or RNA, all have a protein coat that protects these genes, and some have an envelope of fat that surrounds them when they are outside a cell. (Viroids do not have a protei coat and prions contain no RNA or DNA.) Viruses vary from simple to very complex structures. Most viruses are about one hundred times smaller than an average bacterium. The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids— pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. Viruses spread in many ways; plant viruses are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on sap, such as aphids, while animal viruses can be carried by blood- sucking insects These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. Viruses can infect only a limited range of host cells called the “hos range”. This can be broad as when a virus is capable of infecting many species or narrow. 2 • What can we infer from the first paragraph in this selection? • A virus is the same as bacterium • A person with excellent vision can see a virus with the naked eye • A virus cannot be seen with the naked eye • Not all viruses are dangerous • What types of organisms do viruses infect? • Only plants and humans • Only animals and humans • Only disease-prone humans • All types of organisms • How many parts do prions and viroids consist of? • Two • Three • Either less than two or more than three • Less than two Page 8 of 184 • What is one common virus spread by coughing and sneezing? • AIDS • Influenza • Herpes • Tuberculosis Questions 9 – 11 refer to the following passage. Passage 3 – Clouds The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage, or developing stage. In this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be insulation heating the ground producing thermals, areas where two winds converge, forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. Moisture in the air rapidlycools into liquid drops of water, which appears as cumulus clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released which warms the air, causing to become less dense than the surrounding dry air. The warm air rises in an updraft through th process of convection (hence the term convective precipitation). This creates a low-pressure zone beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×108 kg of water vapor is lifted, and the amount of energy released when thi condenses is about equal to the energy used by a city of 100,000 in a month. 3 • The cumulus stage of a thunderstorm is the • The last stage of the storm • The middle stage of the storm formation • The beginning of the thunderstorm • The period after the thunderstorm has ended • One of the ways the air is warmed is • Air moving downwards, which will creates a high-pressure zone • Air cooling and becoming less dense, causing it to rise • Moisture moving downward toward the earth • Heat created by water vapor condensing into liquid • Identify the correct sequence of events • Warm air rises, water droplets condense, creating more heat, and the air rises further. • Warm air rises and cools, water droplets condense, causing low pressure. • Warm air rises and collects water vapor, the water vapor condenses as the air rises, whichcreates heat, and causes the air to rise further. d. None of the above. Questions 12 – 14 refer to the following passage. Passage 4 – US Weather Service The United States National Weather Service classifies thunderstorms as severe when they reach a predetermined level. Usually, this means the storm is strong enough to inflict wind or hail damage. In most of the United States, a storm is considered severe if winds reach over 50 knots (58 mph or 93 km/h), hail is ¾ inch (2 cm) diameter or larger, or if meteorologists report funnel clouds or tornadoes. In the Central Region of the United States National Weather Service, the hail threshold for a severe thunderstorm is 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. Though a funnel cloud or tornado indicates the presence of a severe thunderstorm, the various meteorological agencies would issue a tornado warning rather than a severe thunderstorm warning in this case. Meteorologists in Canada define a severe thunderstorm as either having tornadoes, wind gusts of 90 km/h or greater, hail 2 centimeters in diameter or greater, rainfall more than 50 millimeters in 1 hour, or 75 millimeters in 3 hours. Severe thunderstorms can develop from any type of thunderstorm. • What is the purpose of this passage? • Explaining when a thunderstorm turns into a tornado • Explaining who issues storm warnings, and when these warnings should be issued • Explaining when meteorologists consider a thunderstorm severed. None of the above • It is possible to infer from this passage that • Different areas and countries have different criteria for determining a severe storm • Thunderstorms can include lightning and tornadoes, as well as violent winds and large hail • If someone spots both a thunderstorm and a tornado, meteorological agencies willimmediately issue a severe storm warning • Canada has a much different alert system for severe storms, with criteria that are far less • What would the Central Region of the United States National Weather Service do if hail was 2.7 cm in diameter? • Not issue a severe thunderstorm warning. • Issue a tornado warning. • Issue a severe thunderstorm warning. • Sleet must also accompany the hail before the Weather Service will issue a storm warning. Questions 15 – 18 refer to the following passage. Page 10 of 184 Passage 5 – Clouds A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or other planetary bodies. Another type of cloud is a mass of material in space, attracted by gravity, called interstellar clouds and nebulae. The branch of meteorology which studies clouds is called nephrology. When we are speaking of Earth clouds, water vapor is usually the condensing substance, which forms small droplets or ice crystal. These crystals are typically 0.01 mm in diameter. Dense, deep clouds reflect most light, so they appear white at least from the top. Cloud droplets scatter light very efficiently, so the further into a cloud ligh travels, the weaker it gets. This accounts for the gray or dark appearance at the base of large clouds. Thin clouds may appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background 4 • What are clouds made of? • Water droplets. • Ice crystals. • Ice crystals and water droplets. • Clouds on Earth are made of ice crystals and water droplets. • The main idea of this passage is • Condensation occurs in clouds, having an intense effect on the weather on the surface of the earth. • Atmospheric gases are responsible for the gray color of clouds just before a severe storm happens. • A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above thesurface of the Earth or other planetary body. • Clouds reflect light in varying amounts and degrees, depending on the size and concentratioof the water droplets. • The branch of meteorology that studies clouds is called • Convection • Thermal meteorology • Nephology • Nephelometry • Why are clouds white on top and grey on the bottom? • Because water droplets inside the cloud do not reflect light, it appears white, and the furtheinto the cloud the light travels, the less light is reflected making the bottom appear dark. • Because water droplets outside the cloud reflect light, it appears dark, and the further intothe cloud the light travels, the more light is reflected making the bottom appear white. • Because water droplets inside the cloud reflects light, making it appear white, and the furtheinto the cloud the light travels, the more light is reflected making the bottom appear dark. d. None of the above. Questions 19 - 22 refer to the following recipe. Chocolate Chip Cookies 3/4 cup sugar 3/4 cup packed brown sugar 1 cup butter, softened 2 large eggs, beaten 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 1/4 cups allpurpos e flour 1 teaspo on baking soda 3/4 teaspo on salt 2 cups semisweet chocolate chips If desired, 1 cup chopped pecans, or chopped walnuts. Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Mix sugar, brown sugar, butter, vanilla and eggs in a large bowl. Stir in flour, baking soda, and salt. The dough will be very stiff. Stir in chocolate chips by hand with a sturdy wooden spoon. Add the pecans, or other nuts, if desired. Stir until the chocolate chips and nuts are evenly dispersed. Drop dough by rounded tablespoonfuls 2 inches apart onto a cookie sheet. Bake 8 to 10 minutes or until light brown. Cookies may look underdone, but they will finish cooking after you take them out of the oven. • What is the correct order for adding these ingredients? • Brown sugar, baking soda, chocolate chips • Baking soda, brown sugar, chocolate chips • Chocolate chips, baking soda, brown sugar • Baking soda, chocolate chips, brown sugar • What does sturdy mean? • Long Page 12 of 184 • Strong • Short • Wide • What does disperse mean? • Scatter • To form a ball • To stir • To beat • When can you stop stirring the nuts? • When the cookies are cooked. • When the nuts are evenly distributed. • As soon as the nuts are added. • After the chocolate chips are added.