Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
"carob" pulp or St. John's bread - ANSsynonyms of locust bean gum
• Anthraquinone glycosides
• Castor oil - ANSLAXATIVES IRRITANT
• Araban • Xylan - ANSexample of pentosan
• Ashoka • Cassia • Cincona ledgeriana - ANSchanneled barks
• Calcium gluconate
• Calcium gluceptate and calcium levulinate - ANSproducts that contains glucose
• Gums • Mucilage • Glycosides - ANSExamples of heteroglycan
• Ingredient in dental and other adhesives and in bulk laxatives
• Tablet binders
• Emulsifiers
• Gelating agents
• Suspending agents
• Stabilizers
• Thickeners - ANSuses of gums and mucilage
• Oxalic • Malonic • Succinic • Glutaric • Adipic • Pimelic • Suberic • Azelaic • Sebacic -
ANSDicarboxylic acid
• Quillaia • Arjuna - ANSFlat barks
• Starch • Glycogen • Inulin • Cellulose - ANSExamples of homoglycan
✓ Erroneous adulteration caused by sharing of similar features or absence of
distinguishable characters
✓ Intentional substitution of high value material by inexpensive substances
✓ Misuse caused by sharing of similar common names
✓ Historical use of local substitutes - ANScauses of adulteration
1. According to their morphology
2. According to the taxonomy
3. According to their therapeutic application
4. According to their chemical constituents - ANSClassification of drugs
Acacia - ANSdrugs that can be found in Gums
Acacia - ANSHave low viscosity and good stability over the pH range of 2 to 10?
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS - ANS• Glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, peptides
,Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
• Mixtures of principles (gums, fixed oils, fats, volatile oils resins, and resin combination)
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS - ANSResponsible for therapeutic effect
ADMIXTURE - ANSConditions of adulteration
Addition of one article to another through ignorance, carelessness or an accident
ADULTERATION - ANSDebasement of an article
AGAR - ANSbotanical sources are
Geledium cartilagineum (Gelidiaceae)
Gracilaia confervoides (Sphaerococcaceae)
Related red algae (Rhodophyceae)
AGAR - ANSconstituents are Agarose Agaropectin
AGAR - ANSGum used for
Matrix for immunodiffusion
For electrophoresis
Chromatography
Gel in bacteriologic culture
Al(OH)3
Mannitol
Alginic acid
Sodium bicarbonate - ANSingredients of gaviscon as powder chewing tablet
Al(OH)3
Mannitol
Sodium alginate
Sodium bicarbonate - ANSingredients of gaviscon in liquid
Albert Hoffman - ANSisolated LSD
ALCOHOL/ ETHANOL - ANSA liquid containing not less than 92.3% by weight,
corresponding to 94.9% by volume of ethanol at 15.56 C
ALCOHOL/ ETHANOL - ANSFrom Brandy (from wine) Whiskey (from fermented malted
grain) Rum (from fermented molasses)
,Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
Algin - ANSA purified carbohydrate product extracted from the brown seaweeds
Macrosystic pyrifera by the use of dilute alkali?
ALGIN - ANScpnstituents
Mannuronic acid
Sodium alginate: mixture of beta-D Sodium salts of glucuronic acid (Na-glucuronate)
Sodium salts of mannuronic acid (Na-mannuronate)
ALGIN - ANSExtracted from brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali
Macrocystis pyrifera (Lessoniaceae)
Other Sources: Class Phaeophyceae Ascophyllum, Ecklonia, Laminaria, Nereocystis
Aloe - ANSdrugs that can be found in Dried juices
AMYLOPECTIN - ANS• Branching every 25 units
• Consists of 1000 or more glucose units
• A-1,4 linkages, a-1,6 (branch)
• Amylopectin + iodine = blue violet or purple color
AMYLOSE - ANS• Linear
• Composed of 250 to 300 Dglucopyranose units
• Linked by a - 1,4 glycosidic bond
• More soluble in water than amylopectin
• Amylose + iodine = deep blue complex
An entire organism
Part of an organism
Extract or an exudate of an organism
isolated pure compounds - ANSnatural products can be:
ANALYTICAL PHARMACOGNOSY - ANSDetection of purity of crude drugs
Anogeissus latifolia (Combretaceae) - ANSbotanical source of ghatti gum
Apocynaceae - ANSFAMILY OF:
Family with anti-cancer property
Arabin - ANSa complex mixture of calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of Arabic
acid
Arabin - ANSSwelling property of acacia
, Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
Aristotle - ANSGets his source of animals
Atropine - ANSCRUDE DRUGS MYDRIATIC
Baccatin III → Taxol - ANSSome natural products contain compounds that demonstrate
little or no activity themselves but which can be modified by chemical or biological
methods to produce potent drugs not easily obtained by other methods. An example of
this is?
Bacillus subtilis T. (tracey strain) - ANSsource of bacitracin
Bassorin - ANSSwelling property of tragacanth
BAUDOUIN TEST - ANScolor reaction test for sesame oil
Biologic Assay - ANSAssays on living animals as well as on intact or exercised organs
often indicate the strength of the drug or its preparations.
Blumea balsamifera - ANSsource of sambong
Borntrager's test
Pink red color in the ammoniacal (lower) layer - ANStest and result for anthraquinone
glycoside
BROWN SEAWEEDS - ANSMARINE GUMS
Sodium alginate or algin laminaria
BULB - ANSgarlic, onion, squill
BULB - ANSSpecialized underground shoot
BUTTER - ANSUnion of fat globules
butter milk - ANSIf milk is allowed to settle, the solid particles would form butter while
the liquid part in the bottom would be?
C.A. Seydler - ANSHe introduced pharmacognosy in his work analecta
pharmacognostica
calcium levulinate - ANSFrom glucose via a cyanohydrin intermediate and levulinic acid
CARBOHYDRATES - ANS• Cn(H2O)n • Source of energy
Carl Koller - ANSisolated cocaine
"carob" pulp or St. John's bread - ANSsynonyms of locust bean gum
• Anthraquinone glycosides
• Castor oil - ANSLAXATIVES IRRITANT
• Araban • Xylan - ANSexample of pentosan
• Ashoka • Cassia • Cincona ledgeriana - ANSchanneled barks
• Calcium gluconate
• Calcium gluceptate and calcium levulinate - ANSproducts that contains glucose
• Gums • Mucilage • Glycosides - ANSExamples of heteroglycan
• Ingredient in dental and other adhesives and in bulk laxatives
• Tablet binders
• Emulsifiers
• Gelating agents
• Suspending agents
• Stabilizers
• Thickeners - ANSuses of gums and mucilage
• Oxalic • Malonic • Succinic • Glutaric • Adipic • Pimelic • Suberic • Azelaic • Sebacic -
ANSDicarboxylic acid
• Quillaia • Arjuna - ANSFlat barks
• Starch • Glycogen • Inulin • Cellulose - ANSExamples of homoglycan
✓ Erroneous adulteration caused by sharing of similar features or absence of
distinguishable characters
✓ Intentional substitution of high value material by inexpensive substances
✓ Misuse caused by sharing of similar common names
✓ Historical use of local substitutes - ANScauses of adulteration
1. According to their morphology
2. According to the taxonomy
3. According to their therapeutic application
4. According to their chemical constituents - ANSClassification of drugs
Acacia - ANSdrugs that can be found in Gums
Acacia - ANSHave low viscosity and good stability over the pH range of 2 to 10?
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS - ANS• Glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, peptides
,Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
• Mixtures of principles (gums, fixed oils, fats, volatile oils resins, and resin combination)
ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS - ANSResponsible for therapeutic effect
ADMIXTURE - ANSConditions of adulteration
Addition of one article to another through ignorance, carelessness or an accident
ADULTERATION - ANSDebasement of an article
AGAR - ANSbotanical sources are
Geledium cartilagineum (Gelidiaceae)
Gracilaia confervoides (Sphaerococcaceae)
Related red algae (Rhodophyceae)
AGAR - ANSconstituents are Agarose Agaropectin
AGAR - ANSGum used for
Matrix for immunodiffusion
For electrophoresis
Chromatography
Gel in bacteriologic culture
Al(OH)3
Mannitol
Alginic acid
Sodium bicarbonate - ANSingredients of gaviscon as powder chewing tablet
Al(OH)3
Mannitol
Sodium alginate
Sodium bicarbonate - ANSingredients of gaviscon in liquid
Albert Hoffman - ANSisolated LSD
ALCOHOL/ ETHANOL - ANSA liquid containing not less than 92.3% by weight,
corresponding to 94.9% by volume of ethanol at 15.56 C
ALCOHOL/ ETHANOL - ANSFrom Brandy (from wine) Whiskey (from fermented malted
grain) Rum (from fermented molasses)
,Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
Algin - ANSA purified carbohydrate product extracted from the brown seaweeds
Macrosystic pyrifera by the use of dilute alkali?
ALGIN - ANScpnstituents
Mannuronic acid
Sodium alginate: mixture of beta-D Sodium salts of glucuronic acid (Na-glucuronate)
Sodium salts of mannuronic acid (Na-mannuronate)
ALGIN - ANSExtracted from brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali
Macrocystis pyrifera (Lessoniaceae)
Other Sources: Class Phaeophyceae Ascophyllum, Ecklonia, Laminaria, Nereocystis
Aloe - ANSdrugs that can be found in Dried juices
AMYLOPECTIN - ANS• Branching every 25 units
• Consists of 1000 or more glucose units
• A-1,4 linkages, a-1,6 (branch)
• Amylopectin + iodine = blue violet or purple color
AMYLOSE - ANS• Linear
• Composed of 250 to 300 Dglucopyranose units
• Linked by a - 1,4 glycosidic bond
• More soluble in water than amylopectin
• Amylose + iodine = deep blue complex
An entire organism
Part of an organism
Extract or an exudate of an organism
isolated pure compounds - ANSnatural products can be:
ANALYTICAL PHARMACOGNOSY - ANSDetection of purity of crude drugs
Anogeissus latifolia (Combretaceae) - ANSbotanical source of ghatti gum
Apocynaceae - ANSFAMILY OF:
Family with anti-cancer property
Arabin - ANSa complex mixture of calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of Arabic
acid
Arabin - ANSSwelling property of acacia
, Pharmacognosy notes full chapter is covered
Aristotle - ANSGets his source of animals
Atropine - ANSCRUDE DRUGS MYDRIATIC
Baccatin III → Taxol - ANSSome natural products contain compounds that demonstrate
little or no activity themselves but which can be modified by chemical or biological
methods to produce potent drugs not easily obtained by other methods. An example of
this is?
Bacillus subtilis T. (tracey strain) - ANSsource of bacitracin
Bassorin - ANSSwelling property of tragacanth
BAUDOUIN TEST - ANScolor reaction test for sesame oil
Biologic Assay - ANSAssays on living animals as well as on intact or exercised organs
often indicate the strength of the drug or its preparations.
Blumea balsamifera - ANSsource of sambong
Borntrager's test
Pink red color in the ammoniacal (lower) layer - ANStest and result for anthraquinone
glycoside
BROWN SEAWEEDS - ANSMARINE GUMS
Sodium alginate or algin laminaria
BULB - ANSgarlic, onion, squill
BULB - ANSSpecialized underground shoot
BUTTER - ANSUnion of fat globules
butter milk - ANSIf milk is allowed to settle, the solid particles would form butter while
the liquid part in the bottom would be?
C.A. Seydler - ANSHe introduced pharmacognosy in his work analecta
pharmacognostica
calcium levulinate - ANSFrom glucose via a cyanohydrin intermediate and levulinic acid
CARBOHYDRATES - ANS• Cn(H2O)n • Source of energy
Carl Koller - ANSisolated cocaine
