Heart
▫Heart Failure: L, R
▫Heart Disease
• Congenital: L to R shunts, R to L shunts, Obstructive
• Ischemic: Angina, Infarction, Chronic Ischemia, Sudden Death
• Hypertensive: Left sided, Right sided (HHD)
• Valvular: AS, MVP, Rheumatic, Infective, Non-Infective,
• Cardiomyopathy: Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive
• Myocarditis:
• Pericardium: Effusions, Pericarditis
• Tumors:
,Since the SA node has the highest rate of depolarization (75/min) , it starts the process by
sending a wave of depolarization through the myocardium of the atria. When this reaches
the AV node it depolarizes and causes the Bundle of His to depolarize. The depolarization
travels into the septum through the bundle branches and from the bundle branches into
the Purkinje fibers which cause depolarization of the ventricular myocardium 心室肌.
When the cardiac muscle cells of the myocardium, including the papillary muscles, the
ventricles contract forcing blood out of the ventricles.
,Cardiovascular dysfunction results from one or more of six principal mechanisms
• Failure of the pump
• Obstruction to flow 阻礙流動
• Regurgitant flow 逆流
• Shunted flow 分流流量
• Disorders of cardiac conduction 心臟傳導障礙
• Rupture of the heart or a major vessel 心臟或主要血管破裂
Heart Failure (congestive heart failure 充血性心臟衰竭 (CHF)): Diminished out volume of
either ventricle 任何一心室 volume 減少
▫Systolic failure 收縮衰竭 (forward failure)
Loss of pumping strength.
Backup of blood behind weakened ventricle. 薄弱的心室後面有血液回流
Caused by myocardial damage 心肌損傷 due to ischemia, infarction, inflammation or
cardiomyopathy 缺血、梗塞、發炎或心肌病變
▫Diastolic failure 舒張衰竭 (backward failure)
Reduced ability of ventricle to fill. 心室充 blood 能力降低
Constriction of trapping of ventricle 心室狹窄
Caused by cardiac hypertrophy (complication of hypertension or valvular diseases),
cadiomyopathy, amyloidosis of myocardium 由心臟肥大（高血壓或瓣膜疾病的併發
症）、心肌病變、心肌澱粉樣變性引起 heart failure
Right CHF: most caused by Left CHF
, The causes and consequences of cardiac hypertrophy 心臟肥大
1. Hypertension (high pressure, contraction) --> long term --> increase stress -->
change metabolism of heart --> increase heart structure protein --> heart muscle
size increase
2. Volume overload --> increase cardiac work --> increase wall stress -->
--> increase pumping force --> elasticity decrease
▫Heart Failure: L, R
▫Heart Disease
• Congenital: L to R shunts, R to L shunts, Obstructive
• Ischemic: Angina, Infarction, Chronic Ischemia, Sudden Death
• Hypertensive: Left sided, Right sided (HHD)
• Valvular: AS, MVP, Rheumatic, Infective, Non-Infective,
• Cardiomyopathy: Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive
• Myocarditis:
• Pericardium: Effusions, Pericarditis
• Tumors:
,Since the SA node has the highest rate of depolarization (75/min) , it starts the process by
sending a wave of depolarization through the myocardium of the atria. When this reaches
the AV node it depolarizes and causes the Bundle of His to depolarize. The depolarization
travels into the septum through the bundle branches and from the bundle branches into
the Purkinje fibers which cause depolarization of the ventricular myocardium 心室肌.
When the cardiac muscle cells of the myocardium, including the papillary muscles, the
ventricles contract forcing blood out of the ventricles.
,Cardiovascular dysfunction results from one or more of six principal mechanisms
• Failure of the pump
• Obstruction to flow 阻礙流動
• Regurgitant flow 逆流
• Shunted flow 分流流量
• Disorders of cardiac conduction 心臟傳導障礙
• Rupture of the heart or a major vessel 心臟或主要血管破裂
Heart Failure (congestive heart failure 充血性心臟衰竭 (CHF)): Diminished out volume of
either ventricle 任何一心室 volume 減少
▫Systolic failure 收縮衰竭 (forward failure)
Loss of pumping strength.
Backup of blood behind weakened ventricle. 薄弱的心室後面有血液回流
Caused by myocardial damage 心肌損傷 due to ischemia, infarction, inflammation or
cardiomyopathy 缺血、梗塞、發炎或心肌病變
▫Diastolic failure 舒張衰竭 (backward failure)
Reduced ability of ventricle to fill. 心室充 blood 能力降低
Constriction of trapping of ventricle 心室狹窄
Caused by cardiac hypertrophy (complication of hypertension or valvular diseases),
cadiomyopathy, amyloidosis of myocardium 由心臟肥大（高血壓或瓣膜疾病的併發
症）、心肌病變、心肌澱粉樣變性引起 heart failure
Right CHF: most caused by Left CHF
, The causes and consequences of cardiac hypertrophy 心臟肥大
1. Hypertension (high pressure, contraction) --> long term --> increase stress -->
change metabolism of heart --> increase heart structure protein --> heart muscle
size increase
2. Volume overload --> increase cardiac work --> increase wall stress -->
--> increase pumping force --> elasticity decrease
