H14: BIRTH DEFECTS AND
TERATOGENS
ORGANOGENESIS
A.ZWIJSEN
Inhoudsopgave
14.1 CAUSES OF BIRTH DEFECTS...............................................................................2
14.2 TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS..................................................................................2
14.2.1 MALFORMATION..................................................................................................................... 2
14.2.2 DISRUPTION.......................................................................................................................... 3
14.2.3 DEFORMATION....................................................................................................................... 3
14.2.4 DYSPLASIA........................................................................................................................... 3
14.2.5 ISOLATED VS MULTIPLE DEFECTS............................................................................................... 3
14.3 TERATOGENS....................................................................................................5
14.4 FACTOR AFFECTING THE EFFECT OF TERATOGENS...............................................5
14.4.1 TIMING OF EXPOSURE.............................................................................................................. 5
14.4.1.1 Exposure in preimplantation development:................................................................6
14.4.1.2 Exposure in embryonic development:.........................................................................6
14.4.1.3 Exposure in fetus development:.................................................................................7
14.4.1.4 Maternal exposure before fertilization:.......................................................................9
14.4.1.5 Paternal exposure before fertilization.........................................................................9
14.4.1.6 What if you need to take risk medication?..................................................................9
14.4.2 CONCENTRATION/DOSAGE...................................................................................................... 10
14.4.2.1 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):..................................................................................10
14.4.3 INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO THE TERATOGEN..............................................................................11
14.4.4 OTHER FACTORS.................................................................................................................. 11
14.5 WHEN IS EXPOSURE TO A TOXIC AGENT THE CAUSE OF A BIRTH DEFECT...........12
14.6 MECHANISMS OF TERATOGENS........................................................................12
14.6.1 CYCLOPIC LAMB................................................................................................................... 12
14.6.2 CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA.............................................................................................. 13
14.6.3 ZIKA VIRUS......................................................................................................................... 13
14.6.4 DES DIESTHYLSTILBESTROL................................................................................................... 13
14.6.5 GLYPHOSPHATE HERBICIDE.................................................................................................... 13
Goals:
1
, - Comprehension of different causes of heritable and non-heritable birth defects
- Comprehension of concept of teratogens
- Insight in different types of teratogens and interplay with other risk factors
- Insight in factors affecting severity of teratogenic effects
- Strategies to reduce teratogenic risks
14.1 CAUSES OF BIRTH DEFECTS
There is a high number 3% of all the newborns have a birth defect. Different types of causes:
Unknown
Genetic
Environmental
14.2 TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS
Birth defects = congenital defects future pregnancies can be followed up differently
14.2.1
MALFORMATION
2
TERATOGENS
ORGANOGENESIS
A.ZWIJSEN
Inhoudsopgave
14.1 CAUSES OF BIRTH DEFECTS...............................................................................2
14.2 TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS..................................................................................2
14.2.1 MALFORMATION..................................................................................................................... 2
14.2.2 DISRUPTION.......................................................................................................................... 3
14.2.3 DEFORMATION....................................................................................................................... 3
14.2.4 DYSPLASIA........................................................................................................................... 3
14.2.5 ISOLATED VS MULTIPLE DEFECTS............................................................................................... 3
14.3 TERATOGENS....................................................................................................5
14.4 FACTOR AFFECTING THE EFFECT OF TERATOGENS...............................................5
14.4.1 TIMING OF EXPOSURE.............................................................................................................. 5
14.4.1.1 Exposure in preimplantation development:................................................................6
14.4.1.2 Exposure in embryonic development:.........................................................................6
14.4.1.3 Exposure in fetus development:.................................................................................7
14.4.1.4 Maternal exposure before fertilization:.......................................................................9
14.4.1.5 Paternal exposure before fertilization.........................................................................9
14.4.1.6 What if you need to take risk medication?..................................................................9
14.4.2 CONCENTRATION/DOSAGE...................................................................................................... 10
14.4.2.1 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):..................................................................................10
14.4.3 INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO THE TERATOGEN..............................................................................11
14.4.4 OTHER FACTORS.................................................................................................................. 11
14.5 WHEN IS EXPOSURE TO A TOXIC AGENT THE CAUSE OF A BIRTH DEFECT...........12
14.6 MECHANISMS OF TERATOGENS........................................................................12
14.6.1 CYCLOPIC LAMB................................................................................................................... 12
14.6.2 CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA.............................................................................................. 13
14.6.3 ZIKA VIRUS......................................................................................................................... 13
14.6.4 DES DIESTHYLSTILBESTROL................................................................................................... 13
14.6.5 GLYPHOSPHATE HERBICIDE.................................................................................................... 13
Goals:
1
, - Comprehension of different causes of heritable and non-heritable birth defects
- Comprehension of concept of teratogens
- Insight in different types of teratogens and interplay with other risk factors
- Insight in factors affecting severity of teratogenic effects
- Strategies to reduce teratogenic risks
14.1 CAUSES OF BIRTH DEFECTS
There is a high number 3% of all the newborns have a birth defect. Different types of causes:
Unknown
Genetic
Environmental
14.2 TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECTS
Birth defects = congenital defects future pregnancies can be followed up differently
14.2.1
MALFORMATION
2
