NURS 231 Final Exam Questions With Verified
Answers Graded A+ 2024/2025
What is the main Main overall function of the urinary system?
urine production
The urinary system is comprised of?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
from kidneys to urinary bladder
Ureters
storage for urine
urinary bladder
tube leading the bladder to the outside
urethra
What are the functions of the Kidneys?
Kidneys maintain the body's internal environment by:
• Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
• Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
• Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
• Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
• Producing erythropoietin (regulates RBC production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
• Converting vitamin D to its active form
• Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Kidneys produce?
erythropoietin (regulates RBC production)
renin (regulates blood pressure)
renin regulates ____________
blood pressure
erythropoietin regulates ________________
RBC production
Gross Anatomy of the kidney
Renal cortex = superficial region, light
Renal medulla = deeper to cortex region, dark
Renal pelvis: collect urine, empties into ureter
outer (superficial) region of the kidney
Renal cortex
,deeper to cortex region, dark of the kidney
Renal medulla
collects urine, empties into ureter
Renal Pelvis
functional units of kidney, contains ~1 million/kidney
Nephron
Renal Corpuscle, 2 parts:
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
highly porous fenestrated capillaries, forms filtrate
Glomerulus
surrounds glomerulus allows filtrate to enter proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
Renal Tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule: closest to corpuscle • Nephron loop (loop of Henle): descends into and
out of the medulla • Distal convoluted tubule: further from corpuscle
closest to corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
descends into and out of the medulla
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
further from corpuscle ____________
Distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule drains into the _____________
Collecting duct
______ L of fluid processed daily, but only 1.5 L of urine is formed
180 L
(produced by glomerular filtration) is basically blood plasma minus proteins
Filtrate
True or False: Urine is produced from filtrate
True
, Kidneys filter body's entire plasma volume ___ times each day
60
Kidneys Consume _______% of oxygen used by body at rest
20-25%
Three main processes
1. Glomerular filtration: produces filtrate
2. Tubular reabsorption: selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood
3. Tubular secretion: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate
produces filtrate
Glomerular filtration
selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood
Tubular reabsorption
selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate
Tubular secretion
True or False: Glomerular Filtration is a passive process that requires metabolic energy
False
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through ________________.
filtration membrane
True or false: Hydrostatic pressure allows water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins to pass
(normally no cells pass)
True
Filtration membrane
separates blood from filtrate
Glomerular Filtration contains 3 layers:
• Fenestrated capillary endothelium
• Basement membrane
• Podocyte foot processes (with filtration slits)
promote filtrate formation
outward pressure
is essentially glomerular blood pressure • Chief force pushing water, solutes out of blood
• Quite high: 55 mm Hg
Answers Graded A+ 2024/2025
What is the main Main overall function of the urinary system?
urine production
The urinary system is comprised of?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
from kidneys to urinary bladder
Ureters
storage for urine
urinary bladder
tube leading the bladder to the outside
urethra
What are the functions of the Kidneys?
Kidneys maintain the body's internal environment by:
• Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
• Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
• Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
• Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
• Producing erythropoietin (regulates RBC production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
• Converting vitamin D to its active form
• Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Kidneys produce?
erythropoietin (regulates RBC production)
renin (regulates blood pressure)
renin regulates ____________
blood pressure
erythropoietin regulates ________________
RBC production
Gross Anatomy of the kidney
Renal cortex = superficial region, light
Renal medulla = deeper to cortex region, dark
Renal pelvis: collect urine, empties into ureter
outer (superficial) region of the kidney
Renal cortex
,deeper to cortex region, dark of the kidney
Renal medulla
collects urine, empties into ureter
Renal Pelvis
functional units of kidney, contains ~1 million/kidney
Nephron
Renal Corpuscle, 2 parts:
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
highly porous fenestrated capillaries, forms filtrate
Glomerulus
surrounds glomerulus allows filtrate to enter proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
Renal Tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule: closest to corpuscle • Nephron loop (loop of Henle): descends into and
out of the medulla • Distal convoluted tubule: further from corpuscle
closest to corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
descends into and out of the medulla
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
further from corpuscle ____________
Distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule drains into the _____________
Collecting duct
______ L of fluid processed daily, but only 1.5 L of urine is formed
180 L
(produced by glomerular filtration) is basically blood plasma minus proteins
Filtrate
True or False: Urine is produced from filtrate
True
, Kidneys filter body's entire plasma volume ___ times each day
60
Kidneys Consume _______% of oxygen used by body at rest
20-25%
Three main processes
1. Glomerular filtration: produces filtrate
2. Tubular reabsorption: selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood
3. Tubular secretion: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate
produces filtrate
Glomerular filtration
selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood
Tubular reabsorption
selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate
Tubular secretion
True or False: Glomerular Filtration is a passive process that requires metabolic energy
False
Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through ________________.
filtration membrane
True or false: Hydrostatic pressure allows water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins to pass
(normally no cells pass)
True
Filtration membrane
separates blood from filtrate
Glomerular Filtration contains 3 layers:
• Fenestrated capillary endothelium
• Basement membrane
• Podocyte foot processes (with filtration slits)
promote filtrate formation
outward pressure
is essentially glomerular blood pressure • Chief force pushing water, solutes out of blood
• Quite high: 55 mm Hg
