AP Psychology Exam Practice with correct answers 2024

Learning that certain events occur together is called... - answer-associative learning conditioning is the process of... - answer-learning associations By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates... - answer-classical conditioning Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates... - answer-operant conditioning As you enter the kitchen after school you an smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by... - answer-classical conditioning The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is... - answer-Ian Pavlov A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a... - answer-conditioned response Sweating in hot weather is an example of an... - answer-unconditioned response In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a Conditioned Response was... - answer-sight of the food in the bowl In classical conditioning, the _____ signals the impending occurrence of the ______ - answer-Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus For the most rapid acquisition of a conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus should be presented... - answer-shortly before the unconditioned stimulus After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ______ occurred. - answer-extinction Spontaneous recovery refers to the... - answer-reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a while uniforms, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates... - answer-generalization Dr. Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. Dr. Kingston's emphasis best illustrates... - answer-a biopsychosocial approach An automatic response to some stimulus is called... - answer-respondent behavior In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? - answer-operant conditioning The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was... - answer-B.F. Skinner The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called... - answer-shaping On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a fully half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quiet for extended periods through... - answer-shaping In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the _____. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be an ______. - answer-discriminitive stimulus; operant behavior Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a.... - answer-positive reinforcer Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a _____ for crying. - answer-positive reinforcer Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a... - answer-negative reinforcer Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ______ reinforcer. - answer-negative Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _____ is to ______. - answer-Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer? - answer-Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned. Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of... - answer-immediate reinforcement On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a _____ schedule. - answer-variable-interval Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a _____ schedule. - answer-variable-interval Negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding; punishments _____ the rate of operant responding. - answer-increase; decreases Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because... - answer-the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a... - answer-negative punishment Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called... - answer-cognitive maps Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning? - answer-Insight learning Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine... - answer-intrinsic motivation It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of _____ in learning. - answer-biological predispositions B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's... - answer-personal freedom Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting form increasingly longer distances from the hoop. this learning stratgy best illustrates the process of... - answer-shaping A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to ____ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ____ - answer-operant conditioning; classical conditioning The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of.... - answer-modeling Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of... - answer-observational learning Children are helped by ______ to develop a theory of mind. - answer-mirror neurons Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to.... - answer-modeling Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? - answer-Whether we see the people as similar to us Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to... - answer-preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness Most researchers who have experimented the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that... - answer-viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies. This is most likely to lead her to... - answer-experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called... - answer-sensation The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called... - answer-perception In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the street. This illustrated... - answer-inattentional blindness Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower _____ for skunk odor than his parents have. - answer-absolute threshold A subliminal message is one that is presented.... - answer-below one's absolute threshold for awareness Diminished sensitively to an unchanging stimulus is known as... - answer-sensory adaptation The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called... - answer-transduction The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the... - answer-iris Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? - answer-rods and cones Bipolar cells are located in the.... - answer-retina Compared with rods, cones are... - answer-less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail Researchers found that if they temporarily disrupted one region of the visual cortex with magnetic pulses, people were unable to recognize faces but could still recognize houses. This suggests that... - answer-two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their... - answer-visual cortex According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to... - answer-green light are inhibited by exposure to red light. The pitch of a sound is determined by what? - answer-The frequency of the sound wave The retina is to the eye as the _____ is to the ear - answer-cochlea The cochlea is a.... - answer-fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds? - answer-frequency theory Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause... - answer-conduction hearing loss Deaf culture advocates are most likely to object to the cause of cochlear implants for... - answer-children who have been deaf from birth The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to... - answer-the vestibular sense While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information? - answer-kinesthesis On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a sever toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by... - answer-the gate-control theory. When given a placebo that is said to relieve pain, we re likely to be soothed by the brain's release of... - answer-endorphins Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of... - answer-sensory input The sense of smell is known as... - answer-olfaction Which of the following sense is best described as a chemical sense? - answer-smell The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved with which of the following? - answer-vivid memories Which of the following is most helpful in perceiving the distance of objects far away from you? - answer-monocular cues Imagine your friend walking toward you in the hall at school. As your friend gets closer, the image cast on your retina... - answer-gets larger Although he was wearing a pair of glasses the shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of... - answer-perceptual adaptation After watching a scary movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of... - answer-perceptual set John Locke would have suggested that a perceptual set results from... - answer-prior experience Parapsychology refers to the... - answer-study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis Psychologists are skeptical about ESP claims because... - answer-studies claiming to demonstrate such abilities fail at replication Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attentions, illustrates that... - answer-conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds Consciousness is... - answer-our awareness of ourselves and our environment Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of... - answer-biological rhythms When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter _____ production by the pineal gland. - answer-melatonin After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal... - answer-circadian rhythm The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called... - answer-delta waves After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing... - answer-REM sleep Sleep deprivation has been shown to... - answer-diminish immunity to disease Slow-wave sleep promotes... - answer-REM rebound Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that... - answer-hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects Dissociation refers to.. - answer-a state of divided consciousness Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called... - answer-psychoactive drugs Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction? - answer-physical dependence Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that... - answer-individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict Research indicates that alcohol... - answer-impairs short-term recall of what has just been said Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers? - answer-barbiturates Which of the following psychoactive drugs is most likely to impair people's ability to sleep? - answer-caffeine Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to... - answer-gain social acceptance By triggering the release of epinephrine and noreinephrine, ______ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite. - answer-nicotine Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received... - answer-marijuana Research has shown that having an identical rather than a fraternal twin with alcohol dependence puts one at an increased risk for alcohol problems. This finding suggests that.. - answer-alcohol abuse may be significantly influenced by genetics Tension from an inconsistency between an individual's attitudes and behavior is... - answer-cognitive dissonance The common tendency to assume that the beliefs, values, attitudes, or actions of one's own group are superior to those of other groups is called... - answer-Ethnocentrism When members of a group who tend to agree on an issue become more extreme in their opinion after the issue is discussed, which of the following has taken place? - answer-group polarization Jessie and a friend are driving in rush hour traffic when a car suddenly cuts in front of them in order to reach an unmarked exit ramp. Jessie's passenger points out that the circumstances may have required the other driver to do so, while Jessie loudly criticizes the personal qualities of the other driver. Jessie's response is best explained by... - answer-The fundamental attribution error Most professionals from the United States rate themselves better in performance and competence than their average peer. This is an example of... - answer-self-serving bias In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that... - answer-situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity People were asked to sign a petition in support of a political candidate. Later, those who were asked to sign the petition were asked to donate money to the candidate, and many of them did. This phenomenon is best characterized as... - answer-The foot-in-the-door technique What factors are important predictors of attraction? - answer-Proximity, mere exposure, and physical attractiveness Because the most popular students in the high school wear a particular brand of athletic shoe, a new student buys a pair of shoes of the same brand. Such behavior demonstrates which of the following social psychological concepts? - answer-conformity An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances? - answer-When the bystander is the only other person present What is not a method for reducing the dissonance a person might experience after refusing to contribute money for a gift to a coworker? - answer-Saying a phrase such as "I am so rude" over and over Which of the following studies in the field of social psychology was met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved? - answer-Stanley Milgram's study on obedience Morgan made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students' poor performance on their geography examination when she said which of the following? - answer-"The students do not care enough about their grades." The results of Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience suggested that... - answer-Most people will obey perceived authority figures' instructions to harm others Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a.... - answer-legitimate authority Research on physical attractiveness has shown that... - answer-most people disregard physical attractiveness when forming first impressions of others According to fundamental attribution error, which of the following is most likely to be a student's explanation for a classmate's failing exam grade? - answer-The classmate has no quiet place to study When a person experiences two thoughts that are incompatible, psychological tension may be produced, leading to an attempt to reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the following concepts best characterized this response? - answer-Cognitive dissonance People often have expectations about another person that influence how they act toward that person. Such expectations in turn cause that person to behave consistently with the original expectations. The phenomenon is know as... - answer-Self-fulfilling prophecy One way to reduce intergroup conflict is to establish... - answer-superordinate goals In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by which of the following factors? - answer-The presence of a single dissenter Which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which important group decisions may be distorted because different viewpoints are not encouraged? - answer-groupthink In certain situations, the larger the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This result is explained by... - answer-altruism Which of the following is an example of social facilitation? - answer-An athlete performs better in games before a large crowd than she does in practice Holding a predetermined belief about a group of people, regardless of the personal qualities of the individual members, is referred to as... - answer-stereotyping Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is... - answer-deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are major symptoms of... - answer-ADHD A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often... - answer-bias our perceptions of the labeled person A deluded Scotsman, Daniel M'Naughten, tried to assassinate a government official in 1843. He was sent to a mental hospital rather than to a prison because he was judged to... - answer-be insane Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of... - answer-an anxiety disorder Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of.... - answer-agoraphobia During a heated argument with his father, Mike was suddenly unable to move his right arm. Medical examinations are unable to detect a physiological basis for the paralysis. It is likely that Mike suffers from... - answer-a conversion disorder The prominent feature of mood disorders is the experience of... - answer-emotional extemes Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least... - answer-two weeks or more the number one reason people seek mental health services is... - answer-depression In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitment? - answer-Bipolar disorder In which perspective suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of unresolved anger toward parents? - answer-psychoanalytic Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employee's coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely suffering from... - answer-schizophrenia Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist's goal best reflects a primary aim of... - answer-psychoanalysis According to Freud, a patient's hesitation to free assocaite is most likely a sign of... - answer-resistance Freud is to _____ as Rogers is to _____ - answer-free association; active listening Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates... - answer-counterconditioning With ______, the therapist replaces a fearful response with a relaxation response. - answer-systematic desensitization Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of... - answer-phobias Group therapy is typically more effective that individual therapy for... - answer-enabling people to discover that others have problems similar to their own. In the 1950s, Hans Eysenck challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy because it appeared to be... - answer-no more beneficial than no treatment at all. Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief of those who suffer from the seasonal affective disorder? - answer-light exposure therapy A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a... - answer-psychiatrist Which form of therapy, is most widely used, and has most directly contributed to the sharp reduction in the number of residents in the U.S. mental hospitals? - answer-drug therapy Which drug sometimes helps patients exhibiting negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as apathy and withdrawal? - answer-Clozaril Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help... - answer-someone overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax. Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement are important components of... - answer-therapeutic life-style change Dan always returns after leaving home to see if he locked the door. He always locked the door, but he thinks about whether or not he locked the door until he has checked. Dan's behavior is an example of... - answer-obsessive-compulsive disorder The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) includes which of the following? - answer-Classification and diagnosis of each type of mental disorder A person leaves her home, moves to a new location, takes on a new identity, and has little or no memory of her former life. According to the DSM-V, which of the following diagnoses is most appropriate? - answer-Dissociative Fugue A therapist who helps a client replace irrational thoughts with alternative patterns of thinking is using which of the following techniques? - answer-cognitive restructuring In the treatment of patients, which of the following psychologists made no attempt to offer formal diagnosis, advice, or interpretation of patients' unconscious motives? - answer-Carl Rogers Kevin laughs when others are injured by his thoughtless pranks and shows little regard for the feelings or well-being of others. He has been in trouble with the police and other authority figures a number of times. Which of the following disorders would best describe Kevin's behavior? - answer-antisocial personality disorder Client: "I've been feeling totally worthless, like I never do anything right." Therapist: "I guess you feel that way a lot, don't you? That you're no good. It's hard to have feelings like that." Which of the following types of therapy would be likely to involve the exchange above? - answer-Person-centered therapy Although it can produce undesirable effects, eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be most effective in the treatment of... - answer-depression Which of the following is true of persons which schizophrenia? - answer-They typically experience onset in late adolescence or early adulthood Which of the following best represents a humanistic explanation for an anxiety disorder? - answer-Anxiety results when an individual experiences a gap between his ideal self and his real self Alan is sure something is wrong with him, even though his doctor has not found any physiological basis for his complaints. He returns to the doctor every few weeks to report symptoms of new illnesses based on information he reads. Alan is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following types of disorders? - answer-Somatoform Joan displays anxiety, irritability to concentrate, and apathy. She also re-experiences a disastrous event through nightmares and vivid memories. Joan is experiencing... - answer-post traumatic stress disorder A person who experiences prolonged episodes of sever unhappiness and loss of interest in life would most likely be diagnosed with... - answer-major depressive disorder Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (i.e. those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts? - answer-Biological preparedness Which of teh following is a type of therapy for alcoholism that involve the administration of a drug that will induce nausea after a person consumes alcohol? - answer-aversion These statements are true about suicide... - answer-- It is common for people who commit suicide to have talked about suicide -women attempt suicide more than men - suicide is one of the most common causes of death among young people -Men use more lethal means of attempting suicide than do women. A therapist using systematic desensitization to help a client overcome a fear of big dogs would probably begin treatment by asking the client to... - answer-master a set of relaxation techniques Fluoxetine (Prozac) has been shown to reduce depression primarily by... - answer-blocking reuptake and increasing the level of serotonin in the synapses Specific phobia differs from generalized anxiety disorder in which of the following ways? - answer-Specific phobia is linked to a particular stimulus, whereas generalized anxiety disorder is not Which of the following is a common symptom of the manic phase of bipolar disorder? - answer-rapid speech Which of the following is an example of cognitive distortion according to Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy model of treatment? - answer-"If I don't get all A;s in college, then my degree will be worth nothing." Which of the following psychological theories would explain posttraumatic stress disorder as being the result of irrational beliefs and ideas? - answer-Cognitive Client centered therapists try to appreciate how the world appears from the client's point of view. This is an example of which of the following concepts? - answer-Empathy Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive.... - answer-personality A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as... - answer-free association The pleasure principle is to the ____ as the reality principle is to the ______. - answer-id; ego Barry is a college freshman who seems more interested in partying with friends than studying, even though he is in danger of failing out of school. Freud would suggest that Barry's focus on present pleasures rather than on future success reveals... - answer-an id-dominated person No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a.... - answer-strong superego According to Freud's theory, the ego... - answer-operates on a conscious level Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ____ stage of development - answer-anal According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ______ stage - answer-phallic According to Freud, our gender identity develops most rapidly during the _____ stage. - answer-phallic Which theory would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity? - answer-Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as... - answer-fixation Projection refers to the process by which people... - answer-disguise unacceptable, unconscious impulses by attributing them to others Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of... - answer-denial Freud suggested slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete... - answer-repression Displacement refers to the process by which people... - answer-redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates... - answer-regression Reaction formation refers to the process by which people... - answer-consciously express feelings that re the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. After an argument with your boyfriend, you go to the gym and workout to burn off your pent-up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism? - answer-sublimation Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ______ in personality functioning - answer-the collective unconscious Which of the following personality assessment tools has been the most harshly criticized for lacking validity? - answer-Rorschch inkblot test Survivors of traumatic events, such as rape or attempted murder, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of... - answer-repression Which of the following Freudian ideas is most consistent with contemporary psychological research findings? - answer-Conscious awareness of what goes on in our own minds is very limited Implicit learning and implicit memories best illustrate the importance of... - answer-unconscious thought Which of the following would most likely be said by a critic of humanistic psychology? - answer-"Humanistic concepts are too vague and subjective, making them difficult to measure objectively." People who take personality inventories can lie to create a good impression. This best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they... - answer-have validity The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of _______ and ______ on behavior - answer-environments; traits Brenda has never cheated on a psychology test, but she often does so on chemistry tests. She recently stole some merchandise from a local store, but she also returned a lost billfold along with $28 to its rightful owner. Walter Mischel would have suggested that this pattern of behavior should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of... - answer-personality traits Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of... - answer-reciprocal determinism Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the "system" is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio's thinking most clearly demonstrates... - answer-an external locus of control After picking one of 28 flavors of ice cream, people may regret bypassing some of the remaining flavors. Their regret best illustrates a consequence of... - answer-the tyranny of choice Learned helplessness is most likely to promote... - answer-pessimism The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of... - answer-personal control According to the social-cognitive perspective, the best predictor of student' academic success in college would be their... - answer-high school GPA Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to... - answer-work persistently at difficult tasks When Taylor began tenth grade, all of his friends started "sagging" wearing their pants below the waist. Whether Taylor conforms and begins dressing like his friends may best be predicted by... - answer-his level of self-esteem Exaggerated feelings of self-importance are most closely linked with.. - answer-narcissism Elizabeth Barrett believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of... - answer-individualism When we refer to someone's intelligence quotient as if it were a fixed and objectively real trait such as height, we commit a reasoning error called... - answer-reification Factor analysis has been used to to assess whether... - answer-intelligence is a single trait of a collection of distinct abilities The psychologists who disagreed with Spearman about the nature of intelligence, identifying seven clusters of primary mental abilities rather than one general intelligence factor, was... - answer-L.L. Thurstone The characteristics of savant syndrome have been used to support... - answer-Gardner's argument for multiple intelligences Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and _____ intelligence. - answer-creative One component of emotional intelligence involves... - answer-predicting accurately when feelings are about to change The 19th century English scientist Sir Francis Galton believed that... - answer-superior intelligence is biologically inherited The French government commissioned Binet to develop an intelligence test that would... - answer-reduce the need to rely on teachers' subjectively biased judgments of students' learning potential The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage... - answer-selective breeding of highly intelligent people A survey of the history of intelligence testing reinforces the important lessons that.... - answer-although science strives for objectivity, scientists can be influenced by their personal biases. the written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered an _____ test - answer-achievement If a test is standardized, this means that... - answer-a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group A college administrator is trying to asses whether an admissions test accurately predicts how well applicants will perform at his school. The administrator is most obviously concerned that the test is... - answer-valid The best predictor that infants will develop high levels of intellectual aptitude is their.... - answer-tendency to quickly shift their gaze from a familiar to a novel picture Over the past 50 or so years, children with an intellectual disability have increasingly been likely to... - answer-be mainstreamed into regular school classrooms Terman observed that children with IQ scores over 135 are likely to... - answer-be academically successful. Educational programs for gifted children are most likely to be criticized for... - answer-encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged students People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of.... - answer-proactive interference Behavioral psychologists are most likely to study the... - answer-effects of token economics on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances Receptors for olfaction are located... - answer-in the nasal cavity In right handed individuals, this ability is predominantly a function of the right hemisphere of the brain - answer-spatial reasoning Introspection as practiced by early structuralists is best illustrated by this behavior... - answer-describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose This occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye - answer-blind spot A particular group of brain cells seems to provide basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells... - answer-mirror neurons Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period? - answer-rehearsal This would be a result from an injury to the medulla - answer-a life-threatening disruption of heartbeat and breathing Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as... - answer-the absolute refractory period The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives? - answer-psychoanalytic What is the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger? - answer-It acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety What is essential for operant conditioning to occur? - answer-a behavioral consequence Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association help ensure that human participants in psychological research... - answer-are protected from physical and psychological harm This type of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in revers order.... - answer-serial When the stimuli in a task occur in highly predictable ways, an individual is often unable to attend to both that task and another one at the same time. When this occurs, the processing of the first task is.. - answer-automatic Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful... - answer-secondary reinforcer The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called... - answer-closure Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top - answer-Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization B.F. Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for... - answer-failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by.. - answer-afferent neurons Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study... - answer-the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving Cocaine blocks the reuptake of this neurotransmitter... - answer-dopamine Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, "I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was psychology class." Because of your background in psychology your best response should be... - answer-Everything psychological is simultaneously biological Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors? - answer-biological psychologists In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _____ of a single neuron. - answer-dendrites to the cell body to the axon Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is... - answer-an all-or-nothing response The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called... - answer-synapses The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called.... - answer-neurotransmitters Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter know as... - answer-acetylcholine Joe has played a long, bruising football game but feels a little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of... - answer-endorphins An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to... - answer-depression Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce.... - answer-acetylcholine Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter - answer-GABA What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sits on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called? - answer-agonists Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what? - answer-antagonists For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ______ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system - answer-sensory neuron The somatic nervous system is a component of the _____ nervous system - answer-peripheral Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the... - answer-sympathetic nervous system