CMN 552 Exam 1 Question with verified answers already
passed 2024/2025
1. What two neurotransmitters are most implicated in the pathophysiology
ofmood disorders?:correct answer: norepinephrine and serotonin
2. How are dopamine levels affected in depression and mania?:correct
answer: Dopamineactivity may be reduced in depression and increased
in mania
3. How does depression affect sleep neurophysiology?:correct
answer: Loss of deep(slow-wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of disturbance: (1) an increase in
nocturnalawakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3) increased
phasic rapid eyemovement (REM) sleep, and (4) increased core body
temperature. T
4. What is the most common abnormality found in structural and functional
brain imaging in depressive disorders?:correct answer: Increased frequency of
abnormal hyper-intensities in subcortical regions, such as periventricular
regions, the basal ganglia,and the thalamus
5. What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in depressed
patients?:correct answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-precept, (2)
about the environment—a tenden- cy to experience the world as hostile and
demanding, and (3) about the future—theexpectation of suffering and failure
6. What is learned helplessness?:correct answer: the hopelessness and
passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid
repeated aversive events
7. What "specifiers" are used to describe patients with various mood disor-
ders?:correct answer: Table 8.1-7
8. What factors are associated with a poor prognosis for patients with mood
disorders?:correct answer: MDD- The percentage of patients recovering after
repeated hospitaliza-tion decreases with passing time. Generally, as a patient
experiences more and moredepressive episodes, the time between the
episodes decreases, and the severity ofeach episode increases.
,Bipolar I:correct answer: Have a poorer prognosis than do patients with
major depressive disorder.About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I
disorder may have a second manicepisode within 2 years of the first episode.
poor occupational status, alcohol depen-dence, psychotic features,
depressive features, interepisode depressive features, and male gender were
all factors that contributed a poor prognosis. Short durationof manic
episodes, advanced age of onset, few suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting
psychiatric or medical problems predict a better outcome.
Bipolar II:correct answer: The course and prognosis of bipolar II disorder
indicate that the diagnosisis stable because there is a high likelihood that
patients with bipolar II disorder will
have the same diagnosis up to 5 years later. Bipolar II disorder is a chronic
diseasethat warrants long-term treatment strategies.
9. What is endogenous depression?:correct answer: depression with no
apparent cause
10. What characteristics would the clinician see if a patient presented
withatypical features in a depressed patient?:correct answer: Catatonic
features
Postpartum onset Rapid
cycling Seasonal features
Significant weight gain
Hypersomnia
Leaden paralysis
11. What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient to receive a diagnosis
of Major Depressive Disorder?:correct answer: *Five (or more) of the
following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and
represent a change from previousfunctioning; at least one of the symptoms is
either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by subjective report
(e.g.,feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears
tearful)
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most
, of theday, nearly every day (as indicated by subjective account or
observation)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change of
more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite
nearly every day
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by
others, notmerely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed
down)
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may
be delu-sional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about
being sick).
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
(eitherby subjective account or as observed by others)
Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal
ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for
committing suicide
The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupa-tional, or other important areas of functioning.
The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to
another medical condition.
The occurrence of the major depressive episode is not better explained by
schizoaf-fective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder,
delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia
spectrum and other psychotic disor-ders.
passed 2024/2025
1. What two neurotransmitters are most implicated in the pathophysiology
ofmood disorders?:correct answer: norepinephrine and serotonin
2. How are dopamine levels affected in depression and mania?:correct
answer: Dopamineactivity may be reduced in depression and increased
in mania
3. How does depression affect sleep neurophysiology?:correct
answer: Loss of deep(slow-wave) sleep
Increase in nocturnal arousal.
The latter is reflected by four types of disturbance: (1) an increase in
nocturnalawakenings, (2) a reduction in total sleep time, (3) increased
phasic rapid eyemovement (REM) sleep, and (4) increased core body
temperature. T
4. What is the most common abnormality found in structural and functional
brain imaging in depressive disorders?:correct answer: Increased frequency of
abnormal hyper-intensities in subcortical regions, such as periventricular
regions, the basal ganglia,and the thalamus
5. What cognitive distortions are commonly seen in depressed
patients?:correct answer: (1) views about the self —a negative self-precept, (2)
about the environment—a tenden- cy to experience the world as hostile and
demanding, and (3) about the future—theexpectation of suffering and failure
6. What is learned helplessness?:correct answer: the hopelessness and
passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid
repeated aversive events
7. What "specifiers" are used to describe patients with various mood disor-
ders?:correct answer: Table 8.1-7
8. What factors are associated with a poor prognosis for patients with mood
disorders?:correct answer: MDD- The percentage of patients recovering after
repeated hospitaliza-tion decreases with passing time. Generally, as a patient
experiences more and moredepressive episodes, the time between the
episodes decreases, and the severity ofeach episode increases.
,Bipolar I:correct answer: Have a poorer prognosis than do patients with
major depressive disorder.About 40 to 50 percent of patients with bipolar I
disorder may have a second manicepisode within 2 years of the first episode.
poor occupational status, alcohol depen-dence, psychotic features,
depressive features, interepisode depressive features, and male gender were
all factors that contributed a poor prognosis. Short durationof manic
episodes, advanced age of onset, few suicidal thoughts, and few coexisting
psychiatric or medical problems predict a better outcome.
Bipolar II:correct answer: The course and prognosis of bipolar II disorder
indicate that the diagnosisis stable because there is a high likelihood that
patients with bipolar II disorder will
have the same diagnosis up to 5 years later. Bipolar II disorder is a chronic
diseasethat warrants long-term treatment strategies.
9. What is endogenous depression?:correct answer: depression with no
apparent cause
10. What characteristics would the clinician see if a patient presented
withatypical features in a depressed patient?:correct answer: Catatonic
features
Postpartum onset Rapid
cycling Seasonal features
Significant weight gain
Hypersomnia
Leaden paralysis
11. What diagnostic criteria are required for a patient to receive a diagnosis
of Major Depressive Disorder?:correct answer: *Five (or more) of the
following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and
represent a change from previousfunctioning; at least one of the symptoms is
either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
Depressed most of the day, nearly every day as indicated by subjective report
(e.g.,feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears
tearful)
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most
, of theday, nearly every day (as indicated by subjective account or
observation)
Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., change of
more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite
nearly every day
Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by
others, notmerely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed
down)
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may
be delu-sional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about
being sick).
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
(eitherby subjective account or as observed by others)
Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal
ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for
committing suicide
The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupa-tional, or other important areas of functioning.
The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to
another medical condition.
The occurrence of the major depressive episode is not better explained by
schizoaf-fective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder,
delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia
spectrum and other psychotic disor-ders.
