ULTIMATE AP Biology Exam Review Questions
and Answers Graded A+
Define the following: isotope, valence shell, covalent bond, ionic bond
Isotope- one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same # of protons, but different
number of neutrons
Valence shell- the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons involved in
chemical reactions
Covalent bond- bond where the electrons are shared
Ionic bonds- a chemical bond resulting from the attractions between oppositely charged ions
Hydrogen bonds result in.... pH is...
Hydrogen bonds result in a weak, polar, and covalent bond between a H+ and a negative ion.
pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4 bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between...
a H+ and a negative ion
pH is a measure of.... What is a buffer?
pH is a measure of ion concentration
A buffer minimizes the changes in a solution when acids and bases are added
What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and anabolic reactions build them up.
What is an isomer? Define structural, geometric, and stereoisomers?
An isomer is when different compounds the same molecular formula but different structure. A
structural isomer is an isomer that has different covalent arrangements of their atoms; geometric
isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial arrangment; enatimors mirror images of
each other
Name the following functional groups: -OH -C=O -COOH -NH2 -SH -OPO3
Hydroxyl; carbonyl; carboxyl; amino; sulfhydryl; phosphate
, What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
What is the function of monosaccharides?
What are polysaccharides?
What are the differences between glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin?
C1H2O1
energy storage and structural support
Chain of monosaccarides
Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) store energy in carbohydrate form, whereas cellulose (plant
wall) and chitin (exoskeleton) provide structural support.
What are the structural components of fats, phospholipids, steroids?
Fats store....
Phospholipids form....
Steroids may function as....
Made up of a glyceral moleucule and three fatty acids which include hydrocarbon chains that are
nonpolar.
Fats store energy and store twice as many calories/gram as carbohydrates
Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes
Steroids function as a means to liquify the cell membrane to increase permeability and can act as a
hormone
Proteins are polymers of...... joined by....
amino acids.......peptide bonds
Describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins
primary the linkage of amino acids; secondary 3D as a result of hydrogen bonding and can form an
alpha helix (slinky) or a beta pleated sheet (accordian); tertiary result in a complext globural shape,
due to interactions between R groups (hydrophobic interactions, vans der Waals interactions,
hydrogen bonds, and disulphide bonds); quaternary results from two or more primary structures to
form a quaternary structure
The three parts of a nucleotide are..... A and G are.....; C and T are.....
Ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
A+G- Purines (bigger) C+T- pyrimidines (smaller)
Energy is defined as.... What is entropy?
Energy is the capacity to cause change. Entropy is disorder
and Answers Graded A+
Define the following: isotope, valence shell, covalent bond, ionic bond
Isotope- one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same # of protons, but different
number of neutrons
Valence shell- the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons involved in
chemical reactions
Covalent bond- bond where the electrons are shared
Ionic bonds- a chemical bond resulting from the attractions between oppositely charged ions
Hydrogen bonds result in.... pH is...
Hydrogen bonds result in a weak, polar, and covalent bond between a H+ and a negative ion.
pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4 bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between...
a H+ and a negative ion
pH is a measure of.... What is a buffer?
pH is a measure of ion concentration
A buffer minimizes the changes in a solution when acids and bases are added
What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and anabolic reactions build them up.
What is an isomer? Define structural, geometric, and stereoisomers?
An isomer is when different compounds the same molecular formula but different structure. A
structural isomer is an isomer that has different covalent arrangements of their atoms; geometric
isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial arrangment; enatimors mirror images of
each other
Name the following functional groups: -OH -C=O -COOH -NH2 -SH -OPO3
Hydroxyl; carbonyl; carboxyl; amino; sulfhydryl; phosphate
, What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
What is the function of monosaccharides?
What are polysaccharides?
What are the differences between glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin?
C1H2O1
energy storage and structural support
Chain of monosaccarides
Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) store energy in carbohydrate form, whereas cellulose (plant
wall) and chitin (exoskeleton) provide structural support.
What are the structural components of fats, phospholipids, steroids?
Fats store....
Phospholipids form....
Steroids may function as....
Made up of a glyceral moleucule and three fatty acids which include hydrocarbon chains that are
nonpolar.
Fats store energy and store twice as many calories/gram as carbohydrates
Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes
Steroids function as a means to liquify the cell membrane to increase permeability and can act as a
hormone
Proteins are polymers of...... joined by....
amino acids.......peptide bonds
Describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins
primary the linkage of amino acids; secondary 3D as a result of hydrogen bonding and can form an
alpha helix (slinky) or a beta pleated sheet (accordian); tertiary result in a complext globural shape,
due to interactions between R groups (hydrophobic interactions, vans der Waals interactions,
hydrogen bonds, and disulphide bonds); quaternary results from two or more primary structures to
form a quaternary structure
The three parts of a nucleotide are..... A and G are.....; C and T are.....
Ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
A+G- Purines (bigger) C+T- pyrimidines (smaller)
Energy is defined as.... What is entropy?
Energy is the capacity to cause change. Entropy is disorder
