AP BIOLOGY EXAM College Board Questions
and Answers
What are ionic bonds
transfer of valence electrons between atoms
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons are occurring
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
What is the primary structure of proteins
Refers to unique linear structure of amino acids. The slightest change in amino acid structure means
extreme consequences that are detrimental
Describe the structure and organelles of prokaryotic organisms
-No internal membranes
-No nuclear membrane
-Mitochondrions
-Vacuoles
-Cytoskeleton is absent
-Mainly unicellular
Describe the structure and organelles of an euokaryotic organism
-Cell membrane bound organelles
-The ribosomes are usually surrounded by histone proteins
-Cytoskeleton is present
-Multi-cellular with differentiation of cell types
What is interphase?
Consists of G1 and G2;
G1 phase is a period of intense growth and biochemical activity
G2 is when the cell continues to grow and to complete preparations for cellular division
What are peroxisomes
found in both plant and animal cells
contain catalase
detoxify alcohol in liver cells
What is passive transport
Molecules movement down a concentration gradient from a high to low concentration
What is a hypotonic solution
This is a concentration of solute in the beaker that is less than the concentration of solute inside of
the actual cell
, What does it mean when a cell is turgid
When water has moved into the cell and ultimately has swelled it up a lot to the point where it is hard
snd such
What does it mean when a cell is flaccid
A flaccid cell means water has moved out of the cell and has made it lose and such
What are G-protein coupled receptors?
Span entire cellular membrane; when ligand binds to extracellular domain of the receptor; it changes
conformation of cytoplasmic side receptor
What is signal transduction pathway?
Multi-Step process in which a small number of extracellular signal molecules produce a major cellular
response; cascade response, like falling dominoes
ADVANTAGE: produces a way for the signal to be amplified all across the cell
Why is apoptosis a thing
1) During embryonic development, when cells or tissues are no longer needed, they die and are
engulfed by neighboring cells
2) Cell has sustained too much genetic damage which can lead to cancer
3) In plant cells, apoptosis is an important defense mechanism against infections
What is the electron transport chain?
A protein pump in the mitochondria that couples two reactions, one endergonic and one exergonic
What are the stages of meiosis 1
Prophase 1
-Synapsis, pairing of homologous
-Crossing over, exchange of homologous bits of chromosomes
-Chiasmata, visible manifestations of crossover events
Metaphase 1:
-Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up in a double line along the metaphase plate
-Splindle fibers from poles are attached to centromeres
Anaphase 1: The homologous pairs of cchromosomes are separated and pull apart
Cytokinesis 1: Usually occurs simultaneously with telophase 1
What is cell cycle regulation
Several checkpoints that act as built in stop signals that halt the cell unless they are overridden by go
ahead signals
and Answers
What are ionic bonds
transfer of valence electrons between atoms
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons are occurring
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
What is the primary structure of proteins
Refers to unique linear structure of amino acids. The slightest change in amino acid structure means
extreme consequences that are detrimental
Describe the structure and organelles of prokaryotic organisms
-No internal membranes
-No nuclear membrane
-Mitochondrions
-Vacuoles
-Cytoskeleton is absent
-Mainly unicellular
Describe the structure and organelles of an euokaryotic organism
-Cell membrane bound organelles
-The ribosomes are usually surrounded by histone proteins
-Cytoskeleton is present
-Multi-cellular with differentiation of cell types
What is interphase?
Consists of G1 and G2;
G1 phase is a period of intense growth and biochemical activity
G2 is when the cell continues to grow and to complete preparations for cellular division
What are peroxisomes
found in both plant and animal cells
contain catalase
detoxify alcohol in liver cells
What is passive transport
Molecules movement down a concentration gradient from a high to low concentration
What is a hypotonic solution
This is a concentration of solute in the beaker that is less than the concentration of solute inside of
the actual cell
, What does it mean when a cell is turgid
When water has moved into the cell and ultimately has swelled it up a lot to the point where it is hard
snd such
What does it mean when a cell is flaccid
A flaccid cell means water has moved out of the cell and has made it lose and such
What are G-protein coupled receptors?
Span entire cellular membrane; when ligand binds to extracellular domain of the receptor; it changes
conformation of cytoplasmic side receptor
What is signal transduction pathway?
Multi-Step process in which a small number of extracellular signal molecules produce a major cellular
response; cascade response, like falling dominoes
ADVANTAGE: produces a way for the signal to be amplified all across the cell
Why is apoptosis a thing
1) During embryonic development, when cells or tissues are no longer needed, they die and are
engulfed by neighboring cells
2) Cell has sustained too much genetic damage which can lead to cancer
3) In plant cells, apoptosis is an important defense mechanism against infections
What is the electron transport chain?
A protein pump in the mitochondria that couples two reactions, one endergonic and one exergonic
What are the stages of meiosis 1
Prophase 1
-Synapsis, pairing of homologous
-Crossing over, exchange of homologous bits of chromosomes
-Chiasmata, visible manifestations of crossover events
Metaphase 1:
-Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up in a double line along the metaphase plate
-Splindle fibers from poles are attached to centromeres
Anaphase 1: The homologous pairs of cchromosomes are separated and pull apart
Cytokinesis 1: Usually occurs simultaneously with telophase 1
What is cell cycle regulation
Several checkpoints that act as built in stop signals that halt the cell unless they are overridden by go
ahead signals
