AP Biology Questions and Answers (Graded
A)
Resting membrane potential depends on which of the following(s)?
I. Active transport
II. Selective permeability
III. Differential distribution of ions across the anxonal membrane
All three. The resting potential depends on active transport (the Na+K+ATPase pump) and the
selective permeability of the axon membrane to K+ than to Na+, which leads to a differential
distribution of ions across the axonal membrane
Mitosis
The division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their
parent cell
Stages of mitosis
Interphase (G1),S=DNA replication, Late interphase (G3), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase,
Cytokensis
Interphase (Mitosis)
G1 (1st growth) 1 centriol Choromotids Cells spend most of life in this phase
Late Interphase (mitosis)
G2 (2nd growth) 2 centriols Sister chromatids Cells spend most of life in this phase
Prophase (mitosis)
Spindle fibers form Nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes line up in center along the metaphase plate Spindle fibers are attached
Anaphase (mitosis)
Spindle fibers begin to shorten, pulling chromotids appart.
Telophase (mitosis)
Cleavage furrow forms Chromotids pull to opppsote ends Nuclear envelope begins to form
Cytokenesis
Cytoplasm divides and cells membrane pinched into 2 separate cells Exact copies of cell we began
with
Meiosis
The process by which a single parent diploid cell (Botb homologous chromosomes) divides to produce
four daughter haploid cells (One homologous chromosome of the pair). Meiosis is the type of cell
division by which germ cells (eggs and sleek) are produced.
, The Krebs cycle in humans releases
a. carbon dioxide
b. pyruvate
c. glucose
d. lactic acid
A. The Krebs cycle releases carbon dioxide as the carbon molecules are broken down and electron
carriers are generated. Glucose is at the start of glycolysis and pyruvate is at the end of glycolysis.
Lactic acid is generated through fermentation.
What is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration-against the concentration gradient; requires cellular energy to achieve
this movement
Active transport
A property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell; can
occur actively or passively
Selective permeability
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
lactic acid fermentation
creates ATP, which is a molecular both animal and bacteria need for energy, when there is no oxygen
present. This process breaks down glucose into two lactate molecules. Then lactate and hydrogen
form lactic acid. Lactic acid fermentation provides an alternative way to generate energy when
normal cellular respiration is not possible.
A heterotroph
a. obtains its energy from sunlight, harnessed by pigments
b. obtains its energy from catabolizing organicmolecules
c. makes organic molecules from CO2
d. obtains its energy by consuming exclusively autotrophs
B. A heterotraph obtains its energy from organic molecules. An autotroph obtains energy from
sunlight utilizing pigments such as chlorophyll and uses CO2 and water to make organic molecules.
Heterotrophs can obtain their energy from ingesting autotrophs, but they can also consume other
heterotrophs.
Regarding meiosis and mitosis, one difference between the two forms of cellular reproduction is that
in meiosis
a. there is one round of cell division, whereas in mitosis there are two rounds of cell division
b. separation of sister chromatids occurs during the second division, whereas in mitosis separation of
sister chromatids occurring during the first division
c. chromonsomes are replicated during interphase, whereas in mitosis chromosomes are replicated
during the first phase of mitosis
d. spindle fibers form during interphase, whereas in mitosis the spindle fibers form during prophase
B. In meiosis, the sister chromatids separate during the second metaphase of meiosis (Meiosis II),
whereas the sister chromatids separate during metaphase of mitosis.
A)
Resting membrane potential depends on which of the following(s)?
I. Active transport
II. Selective permeability
III. Differential distribution of ions across the anxonal membrane
All three. The resting potential depends on active transport (the Na+K+ATPase pump) and the
selective permeability of the axon membrane to K+ than to Na+, which leads to a differential
distribution of ions across the axonal membrane
Mitosis
The division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their
parent cell
Stages of mitosis
Interphase (G1),S=DNA replication, Late interphase (G3), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase,
Cytokensis
Interphase (Mitosis)
G1 (1st growth) 1 centriol Choromotids Cells spend most of life in this phase
Late Interphase (mitosis)
G2 (2nd growth) 2 centriols Sister chromatids Cells spend most of life in this phase
Prophase (mitosis)
Spindle fibers form Nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes line up in center along the metaphase plate Spindle fibers are attached
Anaphase (mitosis)
Spindle fibers begin to shorten, pulling chromotids appart.
Telophase (mitosis)
Cleavage furrow forms Chromotids pull to opppsote ends Nuclear envelope begins to form
Cytokenesis
Cytoplasm divides and cells membrane pinched into 2 separate cells Exact copies of cell we began
with
Meiosis
The process by which a single parent diploid cell (Botb homologous chromosomes) divides to produce
four daughter haploid cells (One homologous chromosome of the pair). Meiosis is the type of cell
division by which germ cells (eggs and sleek) are produced.
, The Krebs cycle in humans releases
a. carbon dioxide
b. pyruvate
c. glucose
d. lactic acid
A. The Krebs cycle releases carbon dioxide as the carbon molecules are broken down and electron
carriers are generated. Glucose is at the start of glycolysis and pyruvate is at the end of glycolysis.
Lactic acid is generated through fermentation.
What is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration-against the concentration gradient; requires cellular energy to achieve
this movement
Active transport
A property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell; can
occur actively or passively
Selective permeability
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
lactic acid fermentation
creates ATP, which is a molecular both animal and bacteria need for energy, when there is no oxygen
present. This process breaks down glucose into two lactate molecules. Then lactate and hydrogen
form lactic acid. Lactic acid fermentation provides an alternative way to generate energy when
normal cellular respiration is not possible.
A heterotroph
a. obtains its energy from sunlight, harnessed by pigments
b. obtains its energy from catabolizing organicmolecules
c. makes organic molecules from CO2
d. obtains its energy by consuming exclusively autotrophs
B. A heterotraph obtains its energy from organic molecules. An autotroph obtains energy from
sunlight utilizing pigments such as chlorophyll and uses CO2 and water to make organic molecules.
Heterotrophs can obtain their energy from ingesting autotrophs, but they can also consume other
heterotrophs.
Regarding meiosis and mitosis, one difference between the two forms of cellular reproduction is that
in meiosis
a. there is one round of cell division, whereas in mitosis there are two rounds of cell division
b. separation of sister chromatids occurs during the second division, whereas in mitosis separation of
sister chromatids occurring during the first division
c. chromonsomes are replicated during interphase, whereas in mitosis chromosomes are replicated
during the first phase of mitosis
d. spindle fibers form during interphase, whereas in mitosis the spindle fibers form during prophase
B. In meiosis, the sister chromatids separate during the second metaphase of meiosis (Meiosis II),
whereas the sister chromatids separate during metaphase of mitosis.
