AP Biology Exam #3
Endomembrane organelles
group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins
and lipids
Nucleus
The central part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction -
contains the nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm
Contain genetic material
The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope
Has a double membrane and contains pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell.
Nucleolus
Dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranous sacs and tubes that synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the
cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane
Smooth ER
Contains no ribosomes
Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell
Ribosomes
Comprised of ribosomal RNA and proteins
Their main function is to synthesize proteins
Can be found in two locations
Cytosol (proteins produced here generally function within the cytosol (ie enzymes)
Bounded to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
Golgi Complex
Contains flattened membrane sacs called cisternae (separate sacs from cytosol, each cisternae is not
connected, has directionality (Cis face and Trans face)
Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER
, Modifies the materials (ensures newly formed proteins are folded correctly)
Sorts the materials
Adds molecular tags
Packages materials into new transport vesicles that exist the membrane via exocytosis
Lysosome
Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes
Hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells
Autophagy: lysosomes can recycle their cell's organic materials
Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Allows a cell to renew itself
Peroxisome
Similar to lysosomes
Catalyze reactions that produce H2O2
Enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 to water
Vesicles/Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
Types:
Food vacuole
Form from phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes
Contractile vacuole
Maintain water levels in cells
Central vacuole
Found in plants
Contains inorganic ions and water
Important for turgor pressure
Energy Organelles
organelles that make energy
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning
Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule
known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used to fuel various other cellular processes
Endomembrane organelles
group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins
and lipids
Nucleus
The central part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction -
contains the nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm
Contain genetic material
The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope
Has a double membrane and contains pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell.
Nucleolus
Dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranous sacs and tubes that synthesizes membranes and compartmentalizes the
cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane
Smooth ER
Contains no ribosomes
Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell
Ribosomes
Comprised of ribosomal RNA and proteins
Their main function is to synthesize proteins
Can be found in two locations
Cytosol (proteins produced here generally function within the cytosol (ie enzymes)
Bounded to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
Golgi Complex
Contains flattened membrane sacs called cisternae (separate sacs from cytosol, each cisternae is not
connected, has directionality (Cis face and Trans face)
Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER
, Modifies the materials (ensures newly formed proteins are folded correctly)
Sorts the materials
Adds molecular tags
Packages materials into new transport vesicles that exist the membrane via exocytosis
Lysosome
Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes
Hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells
Autophagy: lysosomes can recycle their cell's organic materials
Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Allows a cell to renew itself
Peroxisome
Similar to lysosomes
Catalyze reactions that produce H2O2
Enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 to water
Vesicles/Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
Types:
Food vacuole
Form from phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes
Contractile vacuole
Maintain water levels in cells
Central vacuole
Found in plants
Contains inorganic ions and water
Important for turgor pressure
Energy Organelles
organelles that make energy
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning
Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule
known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used to fuel various other cellular processes
