AP Biology Midterm Exam Study Guide
A hypothesis must be these 2 things...
Testable and falsifiable
What are the levels of organization?
Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community,
ecosystem, biome, biosphere
What is a theory?
Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and evidence
What is a hypothesis?
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for
further investigation. (limited observations)
What is qualitative data?
Descriptive data; does not involve numbers
What is quantitative data?
Numerical data
What are the subatomic particles?
protons, neutrons, electrons
What can be determined by the subatomic particles?
Atomic number = # of protons
Atomic mass (mass number) = # of protons + # of neutrons
In a non-charged atom the # of protons = # of electrons
How many electrons are in each valence shell?
2 are in the 1st shell and then 8 in each of the shells after that
How do valence electrons play a role in reactivity?
It is unpaired valence electrons that allows for bonding to occur
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions in which electrons are
transferred from one atom to another
What is a hydrogen bond?
, Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (type of bond
found in water molecules)
What are the ranges for acids and bases on pH scale?
Acids = 0 to 6.9
Bases = 7.1 to 14
Neutral = 7
What does each step on the pH scale represent?
A change in the ion concentration (more specifically a factor of 10 change)
What is the pH scale a measure of?
Hydrogen ion concentration
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
What is a solvent?
In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved in a solution
What is a buffer?
Weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in
pH
How is the hydroxyl group written?
OH-
How is the carbonyl group written?
C=O
How is a carboxyl group written?
COOH
How is the sulfhydryl group written?
-SH
How is the amino group written?
NH2
How is a methyl group written?
CH3
A hypothesis must be these 2 things...
Testable and falsifiable
What are the levels of organization?
Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community,
ecosystem, biome, biosphere
What is a theory?
Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and evidence
What is a hypothesis?
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for
further investigation. (limited observations)
What is qualitative data?
Descriptive data; does not involve numbers
What is quantitative data?
Numerical data
What are the subatomic particles?
protons, neutrons, electrons
What can be determined by the subatomic particles?
Atomic number = # of protons
Atomic mass (mass number) = # of protons + # of neutrons
In a non-charged atom the # of protons = # of electrons
How many electrons are in each valence shell?
2 are in the 1st shell and then 8 in each of the shells after that
How do valence electrons play a role in reactivity?
It is unpaired valence electrons that allows for bonding to occur
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions in which electrons are
transferred from one atom to another
What is a hydrogen bond?
, Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (type of bond
found in water molecules)
What are the ranges for acids and bases on pH scale?
Acids = 0 to 6.9
Bases = 7.1 to 14
Neutral = 7
What does each step on the pH scale represent?
A change in the ion concentration (more specifically a factor of 10 change)
What is the pH scale a measure of?
Hydrogen ion concentration
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
What is a solvent?
In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved in a solution
What is a buffer?
Weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in
pH
How is the hydroxyl group written?
OH-
How is the carbonyl group written?
C=O
How is a carboxyl group written?
COOH
How is the sulfhydryl group written?
-SH
How is the amino group written?
NH2
How is a methyl group written?
CH3
