AP Biology Exam Questions and Answers Graded
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Ligands
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
Local Regulators
A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.
Biotic
Describes living factors in the environment.
Abiotic
Non-living things
keystone species
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the
ecosystem would change drastically.
analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
vestigial structures
A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Positive Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify
the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
Negative Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will
counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimuli
Changes in the environment
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
,neurosecretory cells
Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter
Centromere
the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
IPMAT-C
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
G1 phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
G1 checkpoint
checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes replication is successfully completed and checks
for DNA errors
G0 phase
A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
G2 phase
The Second stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles
G2 checkpoint
The cell checks to make sure the DNA is copied correctly
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Prophase (mitosis)
chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus begins to form
Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase (Mitosis)
cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles
Telophase (mitosis)
chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down, and new nuclear membrane forms.
, Cytokinesis in animal cells
The cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts
cytokinesis in plant cells
divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle of cell
Growth factor
A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide
density-dependent inhibition
The arrest of cell division occurs when cells touch one another.
anchorage dependent
The requirement that a cell must be attached to a solid surface in order to initiate cell division.
Mutations
changes in the genetic material
Deletion
A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.
Duplication
When a fragment from one chromosome joins to a sister chromatid or homologous chromosome
Inversion
When a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction
Translocation
The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
DNA polymerase
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
RNA polymerase
enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA
strand as a template
A+
Ligands
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
Local Regulators
A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.
Biotic
Describes living factors in the environment.
Abiotic
Non-living things
keystone species
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the
ecosystem would change drastically.
analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
vestigial structures
A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Positive Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify
the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
Negative Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will
counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimuli
Changes in the environment
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
,neurosecretory cells
Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter
Centromere
the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
IPMAT-C
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
G1 phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
G1 checkpoint
checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes replication is successfully completed and checks
for DNA errors
G0 phase
A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.
G2 phase
The Second stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles
G2 checkpoint
The cell checks to make sure the DNA is copied correctly
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Prophase (mitosis)
chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus begins to form
Metaphase (mitosis)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase (Mitosis)
cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles
Telophase (mitosis)
chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down, and new nuclear membrane forms.
, Cytokinesis in animal cells
The cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts
cytokinesis in plant cells
divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle of cell
Growth factor
A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide
density-dependent inhibition
The arrest of cell division occurs when cells touch one another.
anchorage dependent
The requirement that a cell must be attached to a solid surface in order to initiate cell division.
Mutations
changes in the genetic material
Deletion
A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.
Duplication
When a fragment from one chromosome joins to a sister chromatid or homologous chromosome
Inversion
When a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse direction
Translocation
The attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
DNA polymerase
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
RNA polymerase
enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA
strand as a template
