AP Biology Full Exam Review|A+ Graded
Properties of Water
-polar molecule
-capillary effect (cohesion and adhesion, transpiration)
-high specific heat
-high heat capacity (heat sink-protects aquatic life from large fluctuations in temp)
-high heat of vaporization (sweat cools us)
pH
-log[H+]
pOH
-log[OH-]
pH + pOH =
14
pH scale
below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic, 7 is neutral
BAAD
"bases accept, acids donate" protons
organic molecules
any carbon containing compounds
hydrocarbons
-consist only of hydrogen and carbon
-always nonpolar/hydrophobic
-carbon is tetravalent (can form 4 bonds)
isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula, but differ in the placement of their
atoms
methyl
CH3; nonpolar; turns off genes
hydroxyl
OH-; polar; alcohol
carbonyl
C=O; either end carbon is aldehyde and other carbon is ketone
, carboxyl
O=C-OH; acidic; polar; carbonyl + hydroxyl
amino
NH2 or NH3; polar; bases
Sulfhydryl
-SH; stability; cross-linking; disulfide bridge
phosphate
PO3- or PO4-; hydrophilic; DNA, RNA, ATP
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
-builds more complex molecules from smaller ones by removing an H2O and replacing it with a
covalent bond
-anabolic
-endergonic
hydrolysis
-Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
-catabolic
-exergonic
carbohydrates
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
-provide short-term and medium-term energy
-sugars (simple) and starches (complex)
-monomers=monosaccharides
-bonds are glycosidic
lipids
-carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (way less O)
-fats, oils, and waxes
-long-term energy storage
-cell membrane (phospholipids)
-insulation
-no polymers; form loose associations
-triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
-saturated=no double bonds, straight chain, solids
-unsaturated=at least 1 double bond, bent chain, oils
-cholesterol
proteins
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
-most complicated macromolecule
-monomer=amino acid
-peptide bonds, make polypeptide chains
-function=all life activities of a cell
Properties of Water
-polar molecule
-capillary effect (cohesion and adhesion, transpiration)
-high specific heat
-high heat capacity (heat sink-protects aquatic life from large fluctuations in temp)
-high heat of vaporization (sweat cools us)
pH
-log[H+]
pOH
-log[OH-]
pH + pOH =
14
pH scale
below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic, 7 is neutral
BAAD
"bases accept, acids donate" protons
organic molecules
any carbon containing compounds
hydrocarbons
-consist only of hydrogen and carbon
-always nonpolar/hydrophobic
-carbon is tetravalent (can form 4 bonds)
isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula, but differ in the placement of their
atoms
methyl
CH3; nonpolar; turns off genes
hydroxyl
OH-; polar; alcohol
carbonyl
C=O; either end carbon is aldehyde and other carbon is ketone
, carboxyl
O=C-OH; acidic; polar; carbonyl + hydroxyl
amino
NH2 or NH3; polar; bases
Sulfhydryl
-SH; stability; cross-linking; disulfide bridge
phosphate
PO3- or PO4-; hydrophilic; DNA, RNA, ATP
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
-builds more complex molecules from smaller ones by removing an H2O and replacing it with a
covalent bond
-anabolic
-endergonic
hydrolysis
-Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
-catabolic
-exergonic
carbohydrates
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
-provide short-term and medium-term energy
-sugars (simple) and starches (complex)
-monomers=monosaccharides
-bonds are glycosidic
lipids
-carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (way less O)
-fats, oils, and waxes
-long-term energy storage
-cell membrane (phospholipids)
-insulation
-no polymers; form loose associations
-triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
-saturated=no double bonds, straight chain, solids
-unsaturated=at least 1 double bond, bent chain, oils
-cholesterol
proteins
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
-most complicated macromolecule
-monomer=amino acid
-peptide bonds, make polypeptide chains
-function=all life activities of a cell
