Research Methods in Psy
Chapter 3: Three claims, four validities:
tools for consumers of research
Variables
varies, at least 2 levels/values. varies, varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. least varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. levels/values. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
Constant: varies, at least 2 levels/values. could varies, at least 2 levels/values. potentially varies, at least 2 levels/values. vary varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. has varies, at least 2 levels/values. only varies, at least 2 levels/values. one varies, at least 2 levels/values. level varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. study varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. question. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
o Measured varies, at least 2 levels/values. and varies, at least 2 levels/values. manipulated varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables
Measured variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. simply varies, at least 2 levels/values. observed varies, at least 2 levels/values. and varies, at least 2 levels/values. recorded varies, at least 2 levels/values. as varies, at least 2 levels/values. it varies, at least 2 levels/values. occurs varies, at least 2 levels/values. naturally. varies, at least 2 levels/values. (height, varies, at least 2 levels/values. IQ, varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. also: varies, at least 2 levels/values. hair varies, at least 2 levels/values.
colour, varies, at least 2 levels/values. gender)
Manipulated variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. researcher varies, at least 2 levels/values. controls varies, at least 2 levels/values. by varies, at least 2 levels/values. assigning varies, at least 2 levels/values. study varies, at least 2 levels/values. participants varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. different varies, at least 2 levels/values. levels varies, at least 2 levels/values. of varies, at least 2 levels/values.
the varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
varies, at least 2 levels/values. Some varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables varies, at least 2 levels/values. can varies, at least 2 levels/values. only varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured: varies, at least 2 levels/values. age, varies, at least 2 levels/values. IQ. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Sometimes: varies, at least 2 levels/values. unethical.
varies, at least 2 levels/values. Some varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables varies, at least 2 levels/values. can varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. either varies, at least 2 levels/values. manipulated varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured, varies, at least 2 levels/values. depending varies, at least 2 levels/values. on varies, at least 2 levels/values. goals varies, at least 2 levels/values. study. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
o From varies, at least 2 levels/values. conceptual varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. operational varies, at least 2 levels/values. definition:
Conceptual variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. abstract varies, at least 2 levels/values. concepts, varies, at least 2 levels/values. also varies, at least 2 levels/values. called varies, at least 2 levels/values. constructs. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Must varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. carefully varies, at least 2 levels/values. defined varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values.
theoretical varies, at least 2 levels/values. level. varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. conceptual varies, at least 2 levels/values. definitions. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
Operational variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. operationalizations, varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. turn varies, at least 2 levels/values. a varies, at least 2 levels/values. concept varies, at least 2 levels/values. into varies, at least 2 levels/values. a varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. manipulated varies, at least 2 levels/values.
variable. varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. operational varies, at least 2 levels/values. definitions.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. A varies, at least 2 levels/values. conceptual varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable varies, at least 2 levels/values. can varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. operationalized varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. many varies, at least 2 levels/values. different varies, at least 2 levels/values. ways.
Three claims
Claim: varies, at least 2 levels/values. argument varies, at least 2 levels/values. someone varies, at least 2 levels/values. is varies, at least 2 levels/values. trying varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. make. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Here: varies, at least 2 levels/values. based varies, at least 2 levels/values. on varies, at least 2 levels/values. empirical varies, at least 2 levels/values. research.
o Frequency varies, at least 2 levels/values. claims
Describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable. varies, at least 2 levels/values. (percentage, varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2-4, varies, at least 2 levels/values. 4 varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. 10…)
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. how varies, at least 2 levels/values. frequent varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. common varies, at least 2 levels/values. is varies, at least 2 levels/values. something?
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. focus varies, at least 2 levels/values. on varies, at least 2 levels/values. 1 varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable, varies, at least 2 levels/values. always varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured
o Association varies, at least 2 levels/values. claims
One level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable.
(… varies, at least 2 levels/values. spend varies, at least 2 levels/values. less varies, at least 2 levels/values. time varies, at least 2 levels/values. …, varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. three varies, at least 2 levels/values. times varies, at least 2 levels/values. more…, varies, at least 2 levels/values. … varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. best varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. it)
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. ‘correlate’: varies, at least 2 levels/values. changing varies, at least 2 levels/values. one varies, at least 2 levels/values. leads varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. change varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. other. varies, at least 2 levels/values. They varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. related.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. always varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. least varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables, varies, at least 2 levels/values. measures varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. they varies, at least 2 levels/values. associated? varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. correlational varies, at least 2 levels/values. study
Scatterplot:
Positive varies, at least 2 levels/values. association: varies, at least 2 levels/values. high varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. high, varies, at least 2 levels/values. low varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. low. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Positive varies, at least 2 levels/values. slope.
Negative varies, at least 2 levels/values. association: varies, at least 2 levels/values. high varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. low, varies, at least 2 levels/values. low varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. high. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Negative varies, at least 2 levels/values. slope. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
/ varies, at least 2 levels/values. also varies, at least 2 levels/values. called: varies, at least 2 levels/values. inverse varies, at least 2 levels/values. association. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
Zero varies, at least 2 levels/values. association: varies, at least 2 levels/values. no varies, at least 2 levels/values. slope, varies, at least 2 levels/values. line varies, at least 2 levels/values. would varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. horizontal. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. The varies, at least 2 levels/values. stronger varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. relationship, varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. more varies, at least 2 levels/values. accurate varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. predictions varies, at least 2 levels/values. made varies, at least 2 levels/values. from varies, at least 2 levels/values. it. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. words varies, at least 2 levels/values. used: varies, at least 2 levels/values. “link, varies, at least 2 levels/values. associate, varies, at least 2 levels/values. correlate, varies, at least 2 levels/values. predict, varies, at least 2 levels/values. tie varies, at least 2 levels/values. to, varies, at least 2 levels/values. being varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. risk varies, at least 2 levels/values. for”
o Causal varies, at least 2 levels/values. claims
Argues that one variable is responsible for changing the other. (… varies, at least 2 levels/values. affects varies, at least 2 levels/values. …, varies, at least 2 levels/values. …enhance…, varies, at least 2 levels/values. etc.)
- 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. start varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. a varies, at least 2 levels/values. positive varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. negative varies, at least 2 levels/values. association, varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. go varies, at least 2 levels/values. beyond varies, at least 2 levels/values. only varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. association, varies, at least 2 levels/values. they varies, at least 2 levels/values.
suggest varies, at least 2 levels/values. one varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable varies, at least 2 levels/values. causing varies, at least 2 levels/values. another.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. words varies, at least 2 levels/values. used: varies, at least 2 levels/values. “cause, varies, at least 2 levels/values. enhance, varies, at least 2 levels/values. affect, varies, at least 2 levels/values. change”, varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. also varies, at least 2 levels/values. “could, varies, at least 2 levels/values. may, varies, at least 2 levels/values. seem, varies, at least 2 levels/values. suggest…”
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. ”if varies, at least 2 levels/values. you varies, at least 2 levels/values. do varies, at least 2 levels/values. X, varies, at least 2 levels/values. Y varies, at least 2 levels/values. will varies, at least 2 levels/values. happen”
Table 3.3, p. 67
Chapter 3: Three claims, four validities:
tools for consumers of research
Variables
varies, at least 2 levels/values. varies, varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. least varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. levels/values. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
Constant: varies, at least 2 levels/values. could varies, at least 2 levels/values. potentially varies, at least 2 levels/values. vary varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. has varies, at least 2 levels/values. only varies, at least 2 levels/values. one varies, at least 2 levels/values. level varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. study varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. question. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
o Measured varies, at least 2 levels/values. and varies, at least 2 levels/values. manipulated varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables
Measured variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. simply varies, at least 2 levels/values. observed varies, at least 2 levels/values. and varies, at least 2 levels/values. recorded varies, at least 2 levels/values. as varies, at least 2 levels/values. it varies, at least 2 levels/values. occurs varies, at least 2 levels/values. naturally. varies, at least 2 levels/values. (height, varies, at least 2 levels/values. IQ, varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. also: varies, at least 2 levels/values. hair varies, at least 2 levels/values.
colour, varies, at least 2 levels/values. gender)
Manipulated variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. researcher varies, at least 2 levels/values. controls varies, at least 2 levels/values. by varies, at least 2 levels/values. assigning varies, at least 2 levels/values. study varies, at least 2 levels/values. participants varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. different varies, at least 2 levels/values. levels varies, at least 2 levels/values. of varies, at least 2 levels/values.
the varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
varies, at least 2 levels/values. Some varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables varies, at least 2 levels/values. can varies, at least 2 levels/values. only varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured: varies, at least 2 levels/values. age, varies, at least 2 levels/values. IQ. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Sometimes: varies, at least 2 levels/values. unethical.
varies, at least 2 levels/values. Some varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables varies, at least 2 levels/values. can varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. either varies, at least 2 levels/values. manipulated varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured, varies, at least 2 levels/values. depending varies, at least 2 levels/values. on varies, at least 2 levels/values. goals varies, at least 2 levels/values. study. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
o From varies, at least 2 levels/values. conceptual varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. operational varies, at least 2 levels/values. definition:
Conceptual variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. abstract varies, at least 2 levels/values. concepts, varies, at least 2 levels/values. also varies, at least 2 levels/values. called varies, at least 2 levels/values. constructs. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Must varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. carefully varies, at least 2 levels/values. defined varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values.
theoretical varies, at least 2 levels/values. level. varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. conceptual varies, at least 2 levels/values. definitions. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
Operational variable: varies, at least 2 levels/values. operationalizations, varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. turn varies, at least 2 levels/values. a varies, at least 2 levels/values. concept varies, at least 2 levels/values. into varies, at least 2 levels/values. a varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. manipulated varies, at least 2 levels/values.
variable. varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. operational varies, at least 2 levels/values. definitions.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. A varies, at least 2 levels/values. conceptual varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable varies, at least 2 levels/values. can varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. operationalized varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. many varies, at least 2 levels/values. different varies, at least 2 levels/values. ways.
Three claims
Claim: varies, at least 2 levels/values. argument varies, at least 2 levels/values. someone varies, at least 2 levels/values. is varies, at least 2 levels/values. trying varies, at least 2 levels/values. to varies, at least 2 levels/values. make. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Here: varies, at least 2 levels/values. based varies, at least 2 levels/values. on varies, at least 2 levels/values. empirical varies, at least 2 levels/values. research.
o Frequency varies, at least 2 levels/values. claims
Describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable. varies, at least 2 levels/values. (percentage, varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2-4, varies, at least 2 levels/values. 4 varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. 10…)
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. how varies, at least 2 levels/values. frequent varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. common varies, at least 2 levels/values. is varies, at least 2 levels/values. something?
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. focus varies, at least 2 levels/values. on varies, at least 2 levels/values. 1 varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable, varies, at least 2 levels/values. always varies, at least 2 levels/values. measured
o Association varies, at least 2 levels/values. claims
One level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable.
(… varies, at least 2 levels/values. spend varies, at least 2 levels/values. less varies, at least 2 levels/values. time varies, at least 2 levels/values. …, varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. three varies, at least 2 levels/values. times varies, at least 2 levels/values. more…, varies, at least 2 levels/values. … varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. best varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. it)
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. ‘correlate’: varies, at least 2 levels/values. changing varies, at least 2 levels/values. one varies, at least 2 levels/values. leads varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. change varies, at least 2 levels/values. in varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. other. varies, at least 2 levels/values. They varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. related.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. always varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. least varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables, varies, at least 2 levels/values. measures varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. are varies, at least 2 levels/values. they varies, at least 2 levels/values. associated? varies, at least 2 levels/values. -> varies, at least 2 levels/values. correlational varies, at least 2 levels/values. study
Scatterplot:
Positive varies, at least 2 levels/values. association: varies, at least 2 levels/values. high varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. high, varies, at least 2 levels/values. low varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. low. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Positive varies, at least 2 levels/values. slope.
Negative varies, at least 2 levels/values. association: varies, at least 2 levels/values. high varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. low, varies, at least 2 levels/values. low varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. high. varies, at least 2 levels/values. Negative varies, at least 2 levels/values. slope. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
/ varies, at least 2 levels/values. also varies, at least 2 levels/values. called: varies, at least 2 levels/values. inverse varies, at least 2 levels/values. association. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
Zero varies, at least 2 levels/values. association: varies, at least 2 levels/values. no varies, at least 2 levels/values. slope, varies, at least 2 levels/values. line varies, at least 2 levels/values. would varies, at least 2 levels/values. be varies, at least 2 levels/values. horizontal. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. The varies, at least 2 levels/values. stronger varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. relationship, varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. more varies, at least 2 levels/values. accurate varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. predictions varies, at least 2 levels/values. made varies, at least 2 levels/values. from varies, at least 2 levels/values. it. varies, at least 2 levels/values.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. words varies, at least 2 levels/values. used: varies, at least 2 levels/values. “link, varies, at least 2 levels/values. associate, varies, at least 2 levels/values. correlate, varies, at least 2 levels/values. predict, varies, at least 2 levels/values. tie varies, at least 2 levels/values. to, varies, at least 2 levels/values. being varies, at least 2 levels/values. at varies, at least 2 levels/values. risk varies, at least 2 levels/values. for”
o Causal varies, at least 2 levels/values. claims
Argues that one variable is responsible for changing the other. (… varies, at least 2 levels/values. affects varies, at least 2 levels/values. …, varies, at least 2 levels/values. …enhance…, varies, at least 2 levels/values. etc.)
- 2 varies, at least 2 levels/values. variables
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. start varies, at least 2 levels/values. with varies, at least 2 levels/values. a varies, at least 2 levels/values. positive varies, at least 2 levels/values. or varies, at least 2 levels/values. negative varies, at least 2 levels/values. association, varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. go varies, at least 2 levels/values. beyond varies, at least 2 levels/values. only varies, at least 2 levels/values. the varies, at least 2 levels/values. association, varies, at least 2 levels/values. they varies, at least 2 levels/values.
suggest varies, at least 2 levels/values. one varies, at least 2 levels/values. variable varies, at least 2 levels/values. causing varies, at least 2 levels/values. another.
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. words varies, at least 2 levels/values. used: varies, at least 2 levels/values. “cause, varies, at least 2 levels/values. enhance, varies, at least 2 levels/values. affect, varies, at least 2 levels/values. change”, varies, at least 2 levels/values. but varies, at least 2 levels/values. also varies, at least 2 levels/values. “could, varies, at least 2 levels/values. may, varies, at least 2 levels/values. seem, varies, at least 2 levels/values. suggest…”
- varies, at least 2 levels/values. ”if varies, at least 2 levels/values. you varies, at least 2 levels/values. do varies, at least 2 levels/values. X, varies, at least 2 levels/values. Y varies, at least 2 levels/values. will varies, at least 2 levels/values. happen”
Table 3.3, p. 67
