Clinical Skills and Reasoning Exam Questions And
Answers Graded A+
Healing
Process by which the body repairs bone , tissue or organ damage caused by injury,
infection or disease.
Stage 1 of an injury
Bleeding phase , 6-8 hours exempt complex trauma 24 hours +
Inflammation
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues, 3-5 days
Infection
The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens.
What causes infection
viruses and bacteria
Stage 2 of an injury
Inflammation (3-5 days)
Stage 3 of an injury
Heat and Redness
Stage 4 of an injury
Swelling
Stage 5 of an injury
Pain
Stage 6 of an injury
Repair
Stage 7 of an injury
Remodelling
Factors that determine bleeding response
Age , vascularity of tissues , fitness ,actions after injury
Factors leading to acute inflammation
Healing , infection by pathogens , excessive cooling ,trauma , corrosive substances
chronic inflammation
continuous injury or irritation to tissue
acute inflammation
Minimal and short-lasting injury to tissue
Factors leading to chronic inflammation
Micro organisms m autoimmune diseases, endogenous,exogenous, foreign body types
heat and redness
result from the large amount of blood that accumulates in the damaged area
Swelling (tumor)
Abnormal fluid accumulation is caused by the histamine released during the
inflammation process
pain
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage
, Repair
Done by resolution, organisation or regeneration through a replacement of destroyed
tissue with scar tissue
Remodelling
Occurs after growth has ceased and replaces old tissue with new formed bone to
maintain bone strength from microscopic fractures from normal biomechanical stress
Types of stress
tensile, compression, shearing,torsional
bone fractures
Where a bone is cracked or broken
Bone fractures caused by
Traumatic incident , repeated minor trauma , result of certain medical conditions
Types of fractures
Compression , tension, shear ,torsion
compression fracture
occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself
tension fracture
A extensional fracture that develops at right angles to the direction of maximum tension.
Subjective clinical reasoning of a suspected fracture
Trauma , pain , altered sensation
Objective clinical reasoning of a suspected fracture
Swelling , bruising ,tenderness, deformity , loss of function
Stage 1 of healing a bone fracture
Blood clot (hematoma formation)
Stage 2 of healing a bone fracture
Cellular proliferation
Stage 3 of healing a bone fracture
bony callus formation
Stage 4 of healing a bone fracture
Consolidation
Stage 5 of healing a bone fracture
Remodelling
Haematoma formation
After the initial trauma, blood will collect in the bone and periosteum. Osteocytes in the
immediate area will die. Within 5 days the large haematoma in medullary cavity, rich in
clotting factors, fibrin, fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes, will form granulated
tissue containing new blood vessels in the fracture site. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are
attracted to the area and begin to proliferate. Within 48 hours the osteoclasts remove
the necrotic bone tissue.
cellular proliferation
process of cell division that usually occurs to replace old or dying cells
callus formation
mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and connects the broken ends of the bone
Consolidation
the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory
is formed
Answers Graded A+
Healing
Process by which the body repairs bone , tissue or organ damage caused by injury,
infection or disease.
Stage 1 of an injury
Bleeding phase , 6-8 hours exempt complex trauma 24 hours +
Inflammation
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues, 3-5 days
Infection
The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens.
What causes infection
viruses and bacteria
Stage 2 of an injury
Inflammation (3-5 days)
Stage 3 of an injury
Heat and Redness
Stage 4 of an injury
Swelling
Stage 5 of an injury
Pain
Stage 6 of an injury
Repair
Stage 7 of an injury
Remodelling
Factors that determine bleeding response
Age , vascularity of tissues , fitness ,actions after injury
Factors leading to acute inflammation
Healing , infection by pathogens , excessive cooling ,trauma , corrosive substances
chronic inflammation
continuous injury or irritation to tissue
acute inflammation
Minimal and short-lasting injury to tissue
Factors leading to chronic inflammation
Micro organisms m autoimmune diseases, endogenous,exogenous, foreign body types
heat and redness
result from the large amount of blood that accumulates in the damaged area
Swelling (tumor)
Abnormal fluid accumulation is caused by the histamine released during the
inflammation process
pain
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage
, Repair
Done by resolution, organisation or regeneration through a replacement of destroyed
tissue with scar tissue
Remodelling
Occurs after growth has ceased and replaces old tissue with new formed bone to
maintain bone strength from microscopic fractures from normal biomechanical stress
Types of stress
tensile, compression, shearing,torsional
bone fractures
Where a bone is cracked or broken
Bone fractures caused by
Traumatic incident , repeated minor trauma , result of certain medical conditions
Types of fractures
Compression , tension, shear ,torsion
compression fracture
occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself
tension fracture
A extensional fracture that develops at right angles to the direction of maximum tension.
Subjective clinical reasoning of a suspected fracture
Trauma , pain , altered sensation
Objective clinical reasoning of a suspected fracture
Swelling , bruising ,tenderness, deformity , loss of function
Stage 1 of healing a bone fracture
Blood clot (hematoma formation)
Stage 2 of healing a bone fracture
Cellular proliferation
Stage 3 of healing a bone fracture
bony callus formation
Stage 4 of healing a bone fracture
Consolidation
Stage 5 of healing a bone fracture
Remodelling
Haematoma formation
After the initial trauma, blood will collect in the bone and periosteum. Osteocytes in the
immediate area will die. Within 5 days the large haematoma in medullary cavity, rich in
clotting factors, fibrin, fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes, will form granulated
tissue containing new blood vessels in the fracture site. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are
attracted to the area and begin to proliferate. Within 48 hours the osteoclasts remove
the necrotic bone tissue.
cellular proliferation
process of cell division that usually occurs to replace old or dying cells
callus formation
mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and connects the broken ends of the bone
Consolidation
the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory
is formed
