Criminal Law, Procedure, and Evidence

contents preface........................................................................................... xv about the author...........................................................................xix Section I overview 1 balancing law enforcement and individual rights..... 3 problem...................................................................................6 Questions..........................................................................7 References.........................................................................8 discussion...............................................................................8 2 social control in a free society................................. 13 constitutional requirements...................................................22 Problem...........................................................................23 Questions...................................................................24 References..................................................................24 applications to white-collar crime..........................................24 3 a Bill of Rights summary.......................................27 First Amendment...................................................................29 Second Amendment...............................................................31 Third Amendment.................................................................31 Fourth Amendment...............................................................31 Fifth Amendment..................................................................35 viii contents Sixth Amendment.................................................................36 Seventh Amendment.............................................................38 Eighth Amendment...............................................................39 Ninth Amendment.................................................................40 Tenth Amendment.................................................................40 rejected amendment..............................................................41 problem.................................................................................41 Questions........................................................................42 References.......................................................................42 Section II crime and due process protections 4 development of due process protections..................45 Fourteenth Amendment.........................................................45 federalism and the dual court system....................................46 applying due process to the states.........................................47 Brown v. Mississippi...............................................................48 Rochin v. California................................................................52 selective incorporation of federal rights into the Fourteenth Amendment...........................................53 trial by jury...........................................................................55 self-incrimination..................................................................56 right to remain silent and presumption of innocence....................................................57 Problem...........................................................................58 Questions...................................................................60 References..................................................................61 Warren Court criminal procedure decisions..........................62 right to keep and bear arms..................................................64 5 principles of criminal law.......................................67 actus reus..............................................................................69 mens rea................................................................................70 causation..............................................................................73 felony murder........................................................................77 accomplice liability................................................................78 strict liability crimes.............................................................80 problem.................................................................................81 Questions........................................................................81 contents ix 6 crimes and punishments........................................83 homicide................................................................................84 justification...........................................................................86 negative and affirmative defenses..........................................88 mistake of fact and factual impossibility................................90 Problem...........................................................................90 Questions...................................................................91 death penalty........................................................................92 rape.......................................................................................97 larceny..................................................................................99 three strikes........................................................................ 101 federal crimes......................................................................102 double jeopardy...................................................................104 Patterson v. New York...........................................................107 7 the exclusionary rule and the Fourth Amendment.........................................115 Wolf v. Colorado................................................................... 118 Mapp v. Ohio........................................................................120 Payton v. New York............................................................... 121 how far does the exclusionary rule go?................................122 independent source exception..............................................125 Problem.........................................................................126 Questions.................................................................127 References................................................................127 Section III search and seizure 8 search warrants....................................................131 oath or affirmation.............................................................. 131 probable cause and particularity.........................................133 confidential informants.......................................................134 challenging the truthfulness of a warrant application.........139 Problem.........................................................................140 Questions.................................................................142 References................................................................143 anticipatory warrants and controlled deliveries...................143 x contents procedures and statutory rules...........................................145 knock-and-announce rules..................................................146 administrative warrants......................................................148 special needs searches........................................................ 151 Border and Airport Searches.........................................152 Prison, Parole, and Probation Supervision.....................153 Schools and Students....................................................154 9 the law of arrest................................................... 157 probable cause....................................................................158 arrest warrants...................................................................160 elements of an arrest...........................................................162 Florida v. Royer..............................................................163 Questions raised by Florida v. Royer.........................167 References................................................................167 good judgment and discretion..............................................168 hearsay...............................................................................169 confidential informants....................................................... 171 use of force to arrest............................................................ 172 Problem......................................................................... 174 Questions................................................................. 174 References................................................................ 175 prosecution......................................................................... 175 10 searches without warrants................................... 179 plain view............................................................................ 179 searches incidental to a lawful arrest: Chimel v. California............................................................. 181 the emergency exception......................................................183 hot pursuits........................................................................184 exigent circumstances.........................................................185 Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart...........................................188 Questions raised by Brigham City, Utah v. Stuart......192 protective sweeps.................................................................193 Problem.........................................................................194 Questions.................................................................195 References................................................................196 open fields...........................................................................197