NUR 231 Pathophysiology Exam#1 Questions With
Verified Answers 2024/2025
Idiopathic infection
Diseases that have no identifiable cause
Iatrogenic infection
Diseases that occur as a result of medical treatment
Acute infection
short term infection
many times is more severe but with sudden onset and short duration
Nosocomial infection
infection obtained while in healthcare setting
Communicable infection
contagious
Insidious disease
disease with no symptoms until opportunity presents itself
ex) AIDS
Epidemiology
Study of the disease in the population
Mortality
actual death; death rate
Morbidity
How many people come down with it?
How does the disease affect the individual?
Prevalence
Number of cases in population during specified period.
Incidence
Number of new cases occurring in specified period.
Hypertrophy
overgrowth of a muscle cells
ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
overgrowth of cells
Metaplasia and who does this happen to?
change from one cell type to another cell type
Smokers will see this due to chronic irritation of the airway, this eventually leads to
cancer
Dysplasia
Deformed cells, precursor to cancer
Atrophy
Loss of growth
, Benign vs Malignant
Benign: slow growing encapsulated mass of differentiated cells. similar to normal cells
with fairly normal mitosis. remains localized and life threatening if in brain.
Malignant: rapidly growing anaplastic cells that invade nearby tissue and spread
through blood and lymph system.
Anaplasia
undifferentiated and overgrowing cells without form; aka CANCER
Hypoxia
low levels of oxygen to an area -usually, but not always, due to ischemia
Ischemia and what are its affects
overall lack of blood flow to an area
-can cause cardiac ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, stroke.
-Infarcted: when cells have been deprived of oxygen for too long and there is cell death.
-huge problem in heat and CNS because those cells don't recover.
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What is Necrosis and what are the different types (6)?
Cell death
1. Liquefaction: liquified tissue from enzymes.
2. Coagulative: dead tissue retains form.
3. Fat: broken down fatty acids (induce inflammation).
4. Caseous: cheesy.
5. Infarction: cell death from hypoxia.
6. Gangrene: bacterial infected necrotic tissue.
What are the 6 types of Exudate?
1. Serous: clear yellow fluid.
2. Fibrinous: fibrin (clotting factor).
3. Purulent: "Pus" - many dead WBCs.
4. Abcess: "walled off" to protect health areas. Usually needs to be I&D.
5. Hemorrhagic: compromised artery/vein resulting in blood collection.
6. Necrotizing Faciitis: skin eating disease.
What are 4 types of tissue healing -or- abnormalities?
1. Keloid: hypertrophic scar tissue formation.
2. Contracture: joints and visceral organs not properly sliding.
3. 1st intention healing: sutured, small scar.
4. 2nd intention healing: open, bigger scar.
Acute vs Chronic Inflammation
Acute: massive swelling and exudate.
Chronic: more lymphocytes and marcophages, potential for larger scar.
What are 2 medications for inflammation?
1. NSAIDs: block inflammatory process by blocking COX2 inhibitor. ex) Asprin,
ibuprofen, naproxen, Celebrex.
2. Corticosteroids - more potent than NSAIDs, block immune response by decreasing
cap perm, leukocytes, histamine.
Adverse: osteoporosis, cataracts, skin thinning, increased risk of infection.
Verified Answers 2024/2025
Idiopathic infection
Diseases that have no identifiable cause
Iatrogenic infection
Diseases that occur as a result of medical treatment
Acute infection
short term infection
many times is more severe but with sudden onset and short duration
Nosocomial infection
infection obtained while in healthcare setting
Communicable infection
contagious
Insidious disease
disease with no symptoms until opportunity presents itself
ex) AIDS
Epidemiology
Study of the disease in the population
Mortality
actual death; death rate
Morbidity
How many people come down with it?
How does the disease affect the individual?
Prevalence
Number of cases in population during specified period.
Incidence
Number of new cases occurring in specified period.
Hypertrophy
overgrowth of a muscle cells
ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
overgrowth of cells
Metaplasia and who does this happen to?
change from one cell type to another cell type
Smokers will see this due to chronic irritation of the airway, this eventually leads to
cancer
Dysplasia
Deformed cells, precursor to cancer
Atrophy
Loss of growth
, Benign vs Malignant
Benign: slow growing encapsulated mass of differentiated cells. similar to normal cells
with fairly normal mitosis. remains localized and life threatening if in brain.
Malignant: rapidly growing anaplastic cells that invade nearby tissue and spread
through blood and lymph system.
Anaplasia
undifferentiated and overgrowing cells without form; aka CANCER
Hypoxia
low levels of oxygen to an area -usually, but not always, due to ischemia
Ischemia and what are its affects
overall lack of blood flow to an area
-can cause cardiac ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, stroke.
-Infarcted: when cells have been deprived of oxygen for too long and there is cell death.
-huge problem in heat and CNS because those cells don't recover.
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What is Necrosis and what are the different types (6)?
Cell death
1. Liquefaction: liquified tissue from enzymes.
2. Coagulative: dead tissue retains form.
3. Fat: broken down fatty acids (induce inflammation).
4. Caseous: cheesy.
5. Infarction: cell death from hypoxia.
6. Gangrene: bacterial infected necrotic tissue.
What are the 6 types of Exudate?
1. Serous: clear yellow fluid.
2. Fibrinous: fibrin (clotting factor).
3. Purulent: "Pus" - many dead WBCs.
4. Abcess: "walled off" to protect health areas. Usually needs to be I&D.
5. Hemorrhagic: compromised artery/vein resulting in blood collection.
6. Necrotizing Faciitis: skin eating disease.
What are 4 types of tissue healing -or- abnormalities?
1. Keloid: hypertrophic scar tissue formation.
2. Contracture: joints and visceral organs not properly sliding.
3. 1st intention healing: sutured, small scar.
4. 2nd intention healing: open, bigger scar.
Acute vs Chronic Inflammation
Acute: massive swelling and exudate.
Chronic: more lymphocytes and marcophages, potential for larger scar.
What are 2 medications for inflammation?
1. NSAIDs: block inflammatory process by blocking COX2 inhibitor. ex) Asprin,
ibuprofen, naproxen, Celebrex.
2. Corticosteroids - more potent than NSAIDs, block immune response by decreasing
cap perm, leukocytes, histamine.
Adverse: osteoporosis, cataracts, skin thinning, increased risk of infection.
