NUR 221 Exam 3 Diabetes Pathophysiology and
Management Questions With Verified Answers
diabetes is a disorder of...
carbohydrate metabolism
insulin deficiency =
type 1 diabetes
resistant to action of insulin =
type 2 diabetes
measure of blood sugar management over 3 months, helps determine
hyperglycemia
HbA1c
fasting blood glucose above 126 mmcl/L for 2 separate tests
sustained hyperglycemia
sustained hyperglycemia HbA1c =
6.5%
Three P's of diabetes =
polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
always hungry
polyphagia
why do patients with diabetes experience polyphagia
glucose cannot get into the cells
develops during childhood or adolescence, and symptom onset is relatively
abrupt
type 1 diabetes
type 1 diabetes' primary etiology is...
destruction of pancreatic beta cells due to autoimmune process
Most prevalent form of diabetes
Accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases of diabetes
type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
Hyperinsulinemia
type 2 diabetes
too much insulin in the blood because it is not being used
hyperinsulinemia
what does it mean when we say type 2 diabetes is "family associated"?
families tend to eat the same foods and have the same lifestyle
what are the short-term complications of diabetes? (3)
hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia (from treatment)
what are some long-term complications of diabetes?
heart disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, kidney disease, stroke, and altered lipid
metabolism
microvascular damage due to diabetes: (2)
retinopathy and nephropathy
T/F: erectile dysfunction can be caused by high blood sugar
, true
hemoglobin A1c
can be used to diagnose diabetes
Tests based on glucose:
-
-
-
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test
- Casual plasma glucose test
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
prediabetes is impaired fasting plasma glucose between _____ and _____ mg/dL
100 and 125
what is important with the treatment of diabetes?
tight control of blood glucose levels, also controlling blood pressure and blood lipids
Requires a comprehensive plan
Integrated program of diet, self-monitoring of blood glucose, exercise, and insulin
replacement
treatment of type 1 diabetes
indicate which foods have a greater effect on blood sugar
glycemic index
T/F: substituting high-glycemic-load foods for lower-glycemic-load foods may
modestly improve glycemic control
false, substitute low for higher-glycemic foods
what is they key treatment for type 1 diabetes?
insulin replacement
what can reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy?
an ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) or an ARB (losartan)
what can be used for dyslipidemia (imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol)
related to type 1 diabetes?
statins (e.g. atorvastatin)
Type 2 Diabetes Glycemic Control With:
-
-
-Modified diet and physical activity
-Drug therapy (such as Metformin)
what is the most common drug for type 2 diabetes?
metformin
what should type 2 diabetes patients be screened for?
HTN, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and dyslipidemia
what are the common target values for blood glucose?
70 to 130 mg/dL before meals and 100 to 140 mg/dL at bedtime
Also called glycosylated hemoglobin or glycated hemoglobin
Provides an index of average glucose levels over the prior 2 to 3 months
hemoglobin A1c
what is a good hemoglobin A1c goal for a diabetic patient?
below 7%
Management Questions With Verified Answers
diabetes is a disorder of...
carbohydrate metabolism
insulin deficiency =
type 1 diabetes
resistant to action of insulin =
type 2 diabetes
measure of blood sugar management over 3 months, helps determine
hyperglycemia
HbA1c
fasting blood glucose above 126 mmcl/L for 2 separate tests
sustained hyperglycemia
sustained hyperglycemia HbA1c =
6.5%
Three P's of diabetes =
polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
always hungry
polyphagia
why do patients with diabetes experience polyphagia
glucose cannot get into the cells
develops during childhood or adolescence, and symptom onset is relatively
abrupt
type 1 diabetes
type 1 diabetes' primary etiology is...
destruction of pancreatic beta cells due to autoimmune process
Most prevalent form of diabetes
Accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases of diabetes
type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
Hyperinsulinemia
type 2 diabetes
too much insulin in the blood because it is not being used
hyperinsulinemia
what does it mean when we say type 2 diabetes is "family associated"?
families tend to eat the same foods and have the same lifestyle
what are the short-term complications of diabetes? (3)
hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia (from treatment)
what are some long-term complications of diabetes?
heart disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, kidney disease, stroke, and altered lipid
metabolism
microvascular damage due to diabetes: (2)
retinopathy and nephropathy
T/F: erectile dysfunction can be caused by high blood sugar
, true
hemoglobin A1c
can be used to diagnose diabetes
Tests based on glucose:
-
-
-
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test
- Casual plasma glucose test
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
prediabetes is impaired fasting plasma glucose between _____ and _____ mg/dL
100 and 125
what is important with the treatment of diabetes?
tight control of blood glucose levels, also controlling blood pressure and blood lipids
Requires a comprehensive plan
Integrated program of diet, self-monitoring of blood glucose, exercise, and insulin
replacement
treatment of type 1 diabetes
indicate which foods have a greater effect on blood sugar
glycemic index
T/F: substituting high-glycemic-load foods for lower-glycemic-load foods may
modestly improve glycemic control
false, substitute low for higher-glycemic foods
what is they key treatment for type 1 diabetes?
insulin replacement
what can reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy?
an ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) or an ARB (losartan)
what can be used for dyslipidemia (imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol)
related to type 1 diabetes?
statins (e.g. atorvastatin)
Type 2 Diabetes Glycemic Control With:
-
-
-Modified diet and physical activity
-Drug therapy (such as Metformin)
what is the most common drug for type 2 diabetes?
metformin
what should type 2 diabetes patients be screened for?
HTN, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and dyslipidemia
what are the common target values for blood glucose?
70 to 130 mg/dL before meals and 100 to 140 mg/dL at bedtime
Also called glycosylated hemoglobin or glycated hemoglobin
Provides an index of average glucose levels over the prior 2 to 3 months
hemoglobin A1c
what is a good hemoglobin A1c goal for a diabetic patient?
below 7%
