AQA A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADE A+ NEWEST 2024 UPDATE
When does a natural event become a hazard?
When one of: - 10+ deaths
- 100+ affected
- declaration of state of emergency
- request for international assistance
e.g. Stromboli eruption only affected a group of tourists so was not a hazard
Common characteristics of natural hazards
-clear origins and distinctive effects
-little/no warning
-damage/loss of life
-exposure to risk may be involuntary
-emergency response required
Physical factors influencing the relationship between hazard and disaster
-magnitude
-frequency
-duration
-areal extent
-spatial concentration
-regularity
human factors influencing the relationship between hazard and disaster
economic, social,political, technological
Determinants affecting perception of hazards
wealth
religion
personality
pastexperience
education
characteristic human responses to hazards
-fatalism
-fear
-management/adaptation
Parks disaster response model
stage1:modifying and cause of event
2: event
3: search, rescue and care
4: modifying loss. relief and rehabilitatin
5: nature of recovery (restore to normality/ improve)
shows QOL
Hazard management cycle
mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery
Earths structure
, inner core: radius of 1200km, above 6000C, solid
outer core: between 4 and 5000C
Mantle: thickest layer, silicates of Fe and Mg. 3000C
Asthenosphere: Malleable part of mantle
Lithosphere: top of asthenosphere (mantle and crust)
Crust
Earths formation
4.6 billion yearsold.
collisions of clouds of dust and gas
Continental drift theory
Wegner - Pangea split into current continents
evidence of continental drift
Fossils, climate, rocks, glacial deposits, puzzle pieces
Paleomagnetism
The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock,specifically as it relates to the
reversal of Earth's magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock requires
during formation
Plate Tectonic Theory
the theory that the lithosphere is broken up into large plates that move and then rejoin;
considered the unifying theory of geology
Convection current
heated magma spreads out and circles
ridge push
when the force of gravity moves a plate downward and away from a ridge
slab pull
the pulling of a tectonic plate as its edge subducts deep into the mantle
Oceanic meets continental: convergent
destructive. Oceanic plate subducts. Continental land is uplifted and buckled to form
mountains e.g. Andes
Oceanic meets oceanic: convergent
one plate subducts - deep ocean trench and melting. Rising magma from benioff zone
forms crescents of submarine volcanoes. - forms island arcs e.g. mariana trench
continental meets continental: convergent
colliding plates uplift and buckle to form high fold mountains such as the Himalayas
oceanic meets oceanic: Divergent
Constructive.
Oceanic divergence forms chains of submarine mountain ridges. regular breaks
transform faults across ridges. Faults may widen due to frictional stresses =
earthquakes
Forms mid ocean ridges
Continental meets continental : divergent
lithosphere stretches and fractures into sets of parallel faults. Land between faults
collapses into rift valleys. e.g. great african rift valley
conservative plate boundaries
Plates are sliding past each other. Pressure can build up until the plates jump forward,
causing earthquakes.
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADE A+ NEWEST 2024 UPDATE
When does a natural event become a hazard?
When one of: - 10+ deaths
- 100+ affected
- declaration of state of emergency
- request for international assistance
e.g. Stromboli eruption only affected a group of tourists so was not a hazard
Common characteristics of natural hazards
-clear origins and distinctive effects
-little/no warning
-damage/loss of life
-exposure to risk may be involuntary
-emergency response required
Physical factors influencing the relationship between hazard and disaster
-magnitude
-frequency
-duration
-areal extent
-spatial concentration
-regularity
human factors influencing the relationship between hazard and disaster
economic, social,political, technological
Determinants affecting perception of hazards
wealth
religion
personality
pastexperience
education
characteristic human responses to hazards
-fatalism
-fear
-management/adaptation
Parks disaster response model
stage1:modifying and cause of event
2: event
3: search, rescue and care
4: modifying loss. relief and rehabilitatin
5: nature of recovery (restore to normality/ improve)
shows QOL
Hazard management cycle
mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery
Earths structure
, inner core: radius of 1200km, above 6000C, solid
outer core: between 4 and 5000C
Mantle: thickest layer, silicates of Fe and Mg. 3000C
Asthenosphere: Malleable part of mantle
Lithosphere: top of asthenosphere (mantle and crust)
Crust
Earths formation
4.6 billion yearsold.
collisions of clouds of dust and gas
Continental drift theory
Wegner - Pangea split into current continents
evidence of continental drift
Fossils, climate, rocks, glacial deposits, puzzle pieces
Paleomagnetism
The study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock,specifically as it relates to the
reversal of Earth's magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock requires
during formation
Plate Tectonic Theory
the theory that the lithosphere is broken up into large plates that move and then rejoin;
considered the unifying theory of geology
Convection current
heated magma spreads out and circles
ridge push
when the force of gravity moves a plate downward and away from a ridge
slab pull
the pulling of a tectonic plate as its edge subducts deep into the mantle
Oceanic meets continental: convergent
destructive. Oceanic plate subducts. Continental land is uplifted and buckled to form
mountains e.g. Andes
Oceanic meets oceanic: convergent
one plate subducts - deep ocean trench and melting. Rising magma from benioff zone
forms crescents of submarine volcanoes. - forms island arcs e.g. mariana trench
continental meets continental: convergent
colliding plates uplift and buckle to form high fold mountains such as the Himalayas
oceanic meets oceanic: Divergent
Constructive.
Oceanic divergence forms chains of submarine mountain ridges. regular breaks
transform faults across ridges. Faults may widen due to frictional stresses =
earthquakes
Forms mid ocean ridges
Continental meets continental : divergent
lithosphere stretches and fractures into sets of parallel faults. Land between faults
collapses into rift valleys. e.g. great african rift valley
conservative plate boundaries
Plates are sliding past each other. Pressure can build up until the plates jump forward,
causing earthquakes.
