Summary Human geography

Question 1: No Stimuli 7 points (A) Describe ONE way that labor costs influence the location of food processing facilities in more developed countries. Accept one of the following: • A1. Food processing companies may locate in places (e.g., rural areas, small towns, small cities, areas of high unemployment, areas without unions) where labor costs are lower. • A2. Food processing companies may prefer not to locate in places where labor costs are higher (e.g., urban areas, areas with higher payroll taxes, areas with strong union presence). • A3. Food processing facilities may locate in places where they have access to workers who may be paid below market rates, at minimum wage, and/or with few benefits (e.g., migrant labor, female labor). 1 point (B) Describe ONE way that the development of large-scale commercial agriculture has affected the use of agricultural technology in the United States and Canada. Accept one of the following: • B1. The development of large-scale commercial agriculture has led to size and/or cost increases in machinery (e.g., irrigation systems, tractors, combines). • B2. The development of large-scale commercial agriculture has driven efficiency increases in farm management and production with agricultural software (e.g., GPS systems or drones in precision agriculture, software for feed processing). • B3. The development of large-scale commercial agriculture has led to increasing use of biotechnology, such as genetic modification of crops and animals for diverse purposes (e.g., to increase yields, to improve pest resistance, to change taste and/or appearance). • B4. The development of large-scale commercial agriculture has led to increases in efficiency of farm management and production systems (e.g., in nutrition, feeding, pesticides, environmental management, control of pollution). 1 point AP® Human Geography 2022 Scoring Guidelines © 2022 College Board (C) Explain how the development of large-scale commercial agriculture has led to the agglomeration of food processing facilities in towns and rural areas of the United States and Canada. Accept one of the following: • C1. Food processing facilities that process grains, vegetables, and/or meat into food and/or fuel agglomerate in rural areas or towns in grain-growing areas to reduce costs associated with transportation, to take advantage of shared infrastructure, and/or to draw from a lower-paid labor pool than in urban areas. • C2. Food-processing facilities that process perishable products (e.g., dairy, fruit) tend to locate in rural areas or towns in close proximity to urban areas to be close to consumers and/or limit food spoilage. 1 point (D) Explain a strength of using the concept of complex commodity chains to understand the production and consumption of ONE of the following: • orange juice • hamburger Accept one of the following: • D1. Complex commodity chain analysis helps to understand the entire process of orange farming, harvesting, processing, packaging, shipping, and/or distribution of orange juice, or the husbandry, raising, feed production, transportation, slaughter, processing, packaging, and/or distribution of hamburger and/or beef. • D2. Complex commodity chain analysis helps producers maximize their profits by understanding costs and profits associated with processing, distribution, marketing, and/or retailing leading to the consumption of orange juice or hamburger. • D3. Complex commodity chain analysis helps distributors maximize profits by understanding costs and benefits associated with the entire commodity chain of orange juice or hamburger from production to consumption. • D4. Complex commodity chain analysis helps marketers better promote orange juice or hamburgers to national or regional consumers based on understanding the entire production to consumption process, from grower to consumer. • D5. Complex commodity chain analysis helps elucidate the entire process of production and consumption of orange juice or hamburger and all the related social and environmental costs and/or effects; this, in turn, may help effect change in the commodity chain to promote sustainability. 1 point AP® Human Geography 2022 Scoring Guidelines © 2022 College Board (E) Explain ONE way that government policies banning genetically modified organisms may favor small family farms over large-scale commercial agriculture. Accept one of the following: • E1. If large-scale commercial agriculture firms cannot use GMO technology to reduce costs, the products of small family farms may become more competitive in price with the products of large-scale commercial agriculture. • E2. Small family farms may be favored over large-scale commercial agriculture in the production of non-genetically modified agriculture (e.g., organic agriculture), high value-added agriculture (e.g., specialty products), regional foods (e.g., foods with appellations like Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, Jamon Ibérico), and/or heirloom varieties as many small family farms may already be engaged in this form of production. • E3. These policies may reduce large-scale commercial agricultural firms’ control over seed stock, allowing small family farms to diversify their products and better compete with large-scale commercial agriculture. • E4. Ensuring non-GMO crops are healthy can be a more time-consuming process, which would not accommodate the economies of scale in large commercial farms and would favor the smaller family farms. 1 point (F) Explain why farms in countries such as Italy, France, Spain, or Portugal often require seasonal agricultural workers from other countries. Accept one of the following: • F1. When these populations went through the demographic transition, their dependency ratio changed and the relative size of the workforce decreased, resulting in a shortage of workers willing to do seasonal agricultural labor that is both strenuous and low paying. • F2. These countries have small family farm operations dependent upon a large temporary workforce at certain times in the agricultural calendar (e.g., harvests, planting, pruning) to fulfill the need for additional labor. • F3. Many crops grown in Mediterranean areas (e.g., olives, grapes, vegetables) are tended and picked by hand and thus require a large labor force; growers keep costs down by importing low-paid workers; the cultivation of many Mediterranean crops requires more labor. • F4. The majority of the workforce in these countries is employed in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy, resulting in a shortage of workers willing to do seasonal agricultural labor. 1 point AP® Human Geography 2022 Scoring Guidelines © 2022 College Board (G) Explain the degree to which migration or border policies in the European Union affect the 1 point movement of agricultural laborers among its member countries Accept one of the following: Statement or indication of a low degree AND Supported by one of the following: • G1. EU open border policies (e.g., article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Maastricht Treaty, Schengen Agreement) allow both internal and immigrant workers from one EU country to move among EU member countries. • G2. Illegal exploitation of farm workers (e.g., the caporalato system in Italy) includes trafficking of laborers or the restriction of free movement across borders. OR Statement or indication of a moderate or high degree AND Supported by one of the following: • G3. EU open border policies encourage free movements among EU member countries without immigration controls or visa restrictions at most land border crossings. • G4. EU member states enacted strict measures during the coronavirus pandemic that curtailed or eliminated the movement of agricultural laborers among member countries. • G5. Periodic influxes of migrants or asylum seekers may cause some member states to temporarily close borders or increase border controls (e.g., police, immigration, coast guard, and/or customs officers stationed at crossings, military or police patrols of border or coastal areas, installation of fences).