HUBS 1406 2024 UPDATE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [ALL
PASSED] GRADE A+
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
covalent bond
the sharing of electrons in the valance shell between two non-metals
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally causing a slightly charged positive
side, and a slightly negative charged side
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Molecule
A combination of two or more atoms of the same element
compound
the combination of two or more atoms of more than one element
Atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
the number of protons plus neutrons
molecular weight
The sum of the atomic weights of all the molecules atoms.
Ion
A charged atom, either positive (cation) or negative (anion)
Electrolyte
an ion that is soluble and can conduct an electrical current in a solution
pH
the measure of H+ concentration on a scale from 0-14 that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution
Acid
compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7
Alkali
A soluble base with a pH greater than 7. Makes OH- ions in water.
molar concentration
concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per litre of solvent; the amount of
substance in a solution
Mole
the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance
Buffer
,A chemical substance that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added to the solution by
accepting or donating a H+
Intracellular fluid
Fluid with the cell
Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of the cell
Differentiation
the process in which a cell becomes more specialised in their function
Stem cell
unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
Haematopoiesis
The formation and development of red blood cells
Spermatogenesis
the process of sperm formation
Infertility
the inability to conceive a child
Hypersensitivity
excessive immune response to an antigen due to over-activity in a part of the immune system
Autoimmune disease
a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and
organs of a person's own body
coronary circulation
circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the
heart muscle (myocardium)
electrocardiogram (ECG)
A recording of the electrical signals of the heart through an electrocardiograph
Ventilation
the movement of air in and out of the lungs
Respiration
The cellular exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli
Partial pressure
the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases
hyperventilation
Breathing faster and deeper than normal, reduces carbon dioxide concentration resulting in
respiratory alkalosis
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolic rate
the rate at which metabolism occurs in a living organism
anabolic reactions
involve the joining of smaller molecules into larger ones. Anabolic reactions combine
monosaccharides to form polysaccharides, fatty acids to form triglycerides, amino acids to form
proteins, and nucleotides to form nucleic acids.
catabolic reactions
Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones and energy is released.
Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR)
, a test to see how well the kidney is working by measuring the amount of blood that is filtered by
the kidney in a minute
Kidney failure
a condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter toxins and waste products from the
blood
non polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting
in a balanced distribution of electrical charge
Ionic bond
a transfer of electrons between a non metal and metal to create a full outer valent shell
how to measure molarity
molarity = moles of solute/litres of solution
how to calculate moles of an element
moles of element = mass of element/molar mass
how to calculate molar mass
Molar Mass=g/mol
most important buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
what does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system do and why is it important?
the buffer system is important in helping to maintain pH equilibrium by a reversible reaction of
carbon dioxide + water <-> carbonic acid <-> bicarbonate ions + Hydrogen Ions . an increase in
pH will cause the equation to go to the left, while a decrease will cause it to go to the right.
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of sugars
Sugars - a simple sugar, known as a monosaccharide, is made up of 3 to 7 carbon atoms arranged
in a ring. A disaccharide is two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose equals sucrose. A
polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides and can be either straight or highly branched.
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of Proteins
the most abundant organic components of the human body (20% of body weight). Vary in size,
shape, and function consists of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Made
up of four structures, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of lipids
Hydrophobic, are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of nucleotides
an organic molecule that is made up of a sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and a
nitrogen-containing base.
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of enzymes
Enzymes are made up of proteins, they speed up the rate of reactions.
List the important roles sugar has in the human body
sugar is broken down in the body to form glucose, which is the most important source of fuel
(energy) the body needs
List the important roles of proteins in the human body
protein has many roles in the human body, including
- enzymes are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions
- antibodies are produced by the immune system to help remove foreign substances and fight off
infections
- Proteins involved in DNA help regulate chromosome structure during cell division and help
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS [ALL
PASSED] GRADE A+
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
covalent bond
the sharing of electrons in the valance shell between two non-metals
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally causing a slightly charged positive
side, and a slightly negative charged side
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Molecule
A combination of two or more atoms of the same element
compound
the combination of two or more atoms of more than one element
Atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
the number of protons plus neutrons
molecular weight
The sum of the atomic weights of all the molecules atoms.
Ion
A charged atom, either positive (cation) or negative (anion)
Electrolyte
an ion that is soluble and can conduct an electrical current in a solution
pH
the measure of H+ concentration on a scale from 0-14 that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution
Acid
compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7
Alkali
A soluble base with a pH greater than 7. Makes OH- ions in water.
molar concentration
concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per litre of solvent; the amount of
substance in a solution
Mole
the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance
Buffer
,A chemical substance that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added to the solution by
accepting or donating a H+
Intracellular fluid
Fluid with the cell
Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside of the cell
Differentiation
the process in which a cell becomes more specialised in their function
Stem cell
unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
Haematopoiesis
The formation and development of red blood cells
Spermatogenesis
the process of sperm formation
Infertility
the inability to conceive a child
Hypersensitivity
excessive immune response to an antigen due to over-activity in a part of the immune system
Autoimmune disease
a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and
organs of a person's own body
coronary circulation
circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the
heart muscle (myocardium)
electrocardiogram (ECG)
A recording of the electrical signals of the heart through an electrocardiograph
Ventilation
the movement of air in and out of the lungs
Respiration
The cellular exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli
Partial pressure
the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases
hyperventilation
Breathing faster and deeper than normal, reduces carbon dioxide concentration resulting in
respiratory alkalosis
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolic rate
the rate at which metabolism occurs in a living organism
anabolic reactions
involve the joining of smaller molecules into larger ones. Anabolic reactions combine
monosaccharides to form polysaccharides, fatty acids to form triglycerides, amino acids to form
proteins, and nucleotides to form nucleic acids.
catabolic reactions
Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones and energy is released.
Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR)
, a test to see how well the kidney is working by measuring the amount of blood that is filtered by
the kidney in a minute
Kidney failure
a condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter toxins and waste products from the
blood
non polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting
in a balanced distribution of electrical charge
Ionic bond
a transfer of electrons between a non metal and metal to create a full outer valent shell
how to measure molarity
molarity = moles of solute/litres of solution
how to calculate moles of an element
moles of element = mass of element/molar mass
how to calculate molar mass
Molar Mass=g/mol
most important buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
what does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system do and why is it important?
the buffer system is important in helping to maintain pH equilibrium by a reversible reaction of
carbon dioxide + water <-> carbonic acid <-> bicarbonate ions + Hydrogen Ions . an increase in
pH will cause the equation to go to the left, while a decrease will cause it to go to the right.
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of sugars
Sugars - a simple sugar, known as a monosaccharide, is made up of 3 to 7 carbon atoms arranged
in a ring. A disaccharide is two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose equals sucrose. A
polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharides and can be either straight or highly branched.
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of Proteins
the most abundant organic components of the human body (20% of body weight). Vary in size,
shape, and function consists of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Made
up of four structures, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of lipids
Hydrophobic, are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of nucleotides
an organic molecule that is made up of a sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and a
nitrogen-containing base.
Describe in simple terms the chemical nature of enzymes
Enzymes are made up of proteins, they speed up the rate of reactions.
List the important roles sugar has in the human body
sugar is broken down in the body to form glucose, which is the most important source of fuel
(energy) the body needs
List the important roles of proteins in the human body
protein has many roles in the human body, including
- enzymes are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions
- antibodies are produced by the immune system to help remove foreign substances and fight off
infections
- Proteins involved in DNA help regulate chromosome structure during cell division and help
