Morphology of Flowering
Plants
Introduction
Angiosperms or flowering plants (sometimes also Definition
referred to as phanerogams ) are those vascular
plants in which seeds are enclosed inside fruits. Arboretum (L. -tree):
Often an outdoor place set for
They are the most dominant plants of the the display of living plants.
present day, comprising about 300,000 species.
They occur in numerous habitats of the earth and
Gray Matter Alert!!!
show a great diversity of shape, size, and form.
Smallest angiospermic plant—
TYPES OF PLANTS BASED ON HABITAT
(0.1 mm)
Mesophytes: Found growing well on land under
Tallest Angiosperm—
medium, climatic conditions, e.g., Mustard.
(height of certain
Hydrophytes: Found growing well in water, e.g.,
specimens 130.5 m or 435 ft.)
Xerophytes: Found growing well in dry conditions,
e.g., Cactus.
Epiphytes: Found growing well on other plants
e.g., Orchid.
Psammophytes: Found growing well in sand, e.g.,
Halophytes: Found growing well in saline habitats,
e.g.,
Lithophytes: Found growing well on rocks, e.g.,
ferns.
⚪ Most of the flowering plants are autotrophic
in their mode of nutrition.
⚪ There are some which are parasitic ( ),
saprophytic ( ) or insectivorous
( ).
MORPHOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Study of morphology is essential for recognition
and identification of plants.
It provides important criteria for the classification
of plants. Definition
Morphology gives information about the range of
variations found in a species. Morphology: Branch of Biology
Knowledge of morphology is necessary for that deals with the study of
studying various aspects of plant life like anatomy, external features of an organism.
physiology, ecology, genetics, etc.
3.
, It helps in the identification of deficiency and
toxicity symptoms occurring in plants in response
Keywords
to shortage or excess of minerals.
It helps in the study of morphological adaptations
of plants to di erent types of habitats and Morphology
enables horticulturists to adopt plants with Tap root system
morphological peculiarities for lawns, parks, Primary root
gardens, etc. Secondary root
Tertiary root
FLOWERING PLANTS Fibrous root system
Depending upon the life span, angiospermic Adventitious root
plants are classified as:
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
1. Annuals
These plants complete their life cycle in a single
growing season, varying from a few weeks to few Definition
months.
During this period, they grow, bear flowers, Annual Plants: These plants
produce seeds and fruits and then die. complete their life cycle in a
They pass the unfavourable periods in the form single growing season, varying
of seeds, e.g., wheat, rice, pea, mustard etc. from a few weeks to few months.
2. Biennials
These plants complete their life cycle in two
growing seasons.
In the first season, they grow only vegetatively
and store food in roots and underground stems.
In the second season, they produce flowers, fruits
and seeds, and then die. For example, cabbage,
Morphology of Flowering Plants
radish, turnip, etc., (grow in cold regions).
Definition
3. Perennials
These plants continue to grow for more than two Biennial Plants: These plants
growing seasons to several years. complete their life cycle in two
They bear flowers and fruits during specific growing seasons.
seasons.
4.
, Polycarpic Plants: Several perennial plants bear
flowers and fruits every year Mango, apple, Definition
lemon, etc.
Perennial Plants: These plants
Monocarpic Plants: Some perennial plants bear continue to grow for more than
flowers and fruits only once, after a long period two growing seasons to several
of vegetative growth, e.g., , etc. years.
They bear flowers and fruits
PARTS OF A FLOWERING PLANT during a specific season.
The plant body of an angiosperm or a flowering
plant primarily consists of an axis, which is
di erentiated into:
Root system
Shoot system
ROOT SYSTEM
The root system normally lies underground and
consists of a main root and its branches.
There is a most prominent root, which lies in the
center and is called the primary root. It bears
several lateral roots called secondary roots.
The secondary roots are further branched into
tertiary roots and finer rootlets. The tips of
rootlets are covered with root caps.
Behind the tips, there are few fine outgrowths
called root hairs.
Main Functions of the Root System
To anchor the plant in the ground.
To absorb water and minerals from the soil.
SHOOT SYSTEM
Morphology of Flowering Plants
The shoot system is normally aerial and consists
of:
Main Stem
Lateral branches
Leaves
Stem
At intervals, the stem and its branches possess
swollen areas called nodes.
5.
, Part of the stem between two adjacent nodes is
called internode.
Keywords
The leaves are borne in the region of nodes.
The angle between the leaf and the upper part of
stem is called axil. Vegetative Organs
It bears an axillary bud, which later develops into Nodes
a branch. Internode
A bud is also present at the tip of the stem or a Axillary bud
branch called terminal bud or apical bud. Terminal bud
Apical Bud is responsible for elongation of the Apical bud
stem or the branch. Veins
Lateral Branches
These are structurally similar to the stem.
Leaf
The leaf is a green, expanded, lateral outgrowth,
which develops on the stem or its branches at
the region of a node. Rack your Brain
Parts of a Leaf
Of what importance is the
Leaf base
study of leaf morphology for a
Petiole
physiologist?
Lamina or Leaf Blade
The leaf lamina is interspersed with numerous
vascular strands called veins. The lamina is
specialized for photosynthesis.
It is also the main site for transpiration and
respiration.
VEGETATIVE ORGANS AND REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS OF A PLANT
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root, stem, and leaves (vegetative organs)
The flowers (reproductive organ) Definition
Fruits and seeds (associated with reproduction
and continuity of the race) Vegetative Organs: These
organs are concerned with
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOT nutrition, growth, and help in
The root is a non-green, non-photosynthetic, the maintenance of the plant
cylindrical, descending part of the plant that body.
develops from the radicle of seed.
6.
Plants
Introduction
Angiosperms or flowering plants (sometimes also Definition
referred to as phanerogams ) are those vascular
plants in which seeds are enclosed inside fruits. Arboretum (L. -tree):
Often an outdoor place set for
They are the most dominant plants of the the display of living plants.
present day, comprising about 300,000 species.
They occur in numerous habitats of the earth and
Gray Matter Alert!!!
show a great diversity of shape, size, and form.
Smallest angiospermic plant—
TYPES OF PLANTS BASED ON HABITAT
(0.1 mm)
Mesophytes: Found growing well on land under
Tallest Angiosperm—
medium, climatic conditions, e.g., Mustard.
(height of certain
Hydrophytes: Found growing well in water, e.g.,
specimens 130.5 m or 435 ft.)
Xerophytes: Found growing well in dry conditions,
e.g., Cactus.
Epiphytes: Found growing well on other plants
e.g., Orchid.
Psammophytes: Found growing well in sand, e.g.,
Halophytes: Found growing well in saline habitats,
e.g.,
Lithophytes: Found growing well on rocks, e.g.,
ferns.
⚪ Most of the flowering plants are autotrophic
in their mode of nutrition.
⚪ There are some which are parasitic ( ),
saprophytic ( ) or insectivorous
( ).
MORPHOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Study of morphology is essential for recognition
and identification of plants.
It provides important criteria for the classification
of plants. Definition
Morphology gives information about the range of
variations found in a species. Morphology: Branch of Biology
Knowledge of morphology is necessary for that deals with the study of
studying various aspects of plant life like anatomy, external features of an organism.
physiology, ecology, genetics, etc.
3.
, It helps in the identification of deficiency and
toxicity symptoms occurring in plants in response
Keywords
to shortage or excess of minerals.
It helps in the study of morphological adaptations
of plants to di erent types of habitats and Morphology
enables horticulturists to adopt plants with Tap root system
morphological peculiarities for lawns, parks, Primary root
gardens, etc. Secondary root
Tertiary root
FLOWERING PLANTS Fibrous root system
Depending upon the life span, angiospermic Adventitious root
plants are classified as:
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
1. Annuals
These plants complete their life cycle in a single
growing season, varying from a few weeks to few Definition
months.
During this period, they grow, bear flowers, Annual Plants: These plants
produce seeds and fruits and then die. complete their life cycle in a
They pass the unfavourable periods in the form single growing season, varying
of seeds, e.g., wheat, rice, pea, mustard etc. from a few weeks to few months.
2. Biennials
These plants complete their life cycle in two
growing seasons.
In the first season, they grow only vegetatively
and store food in roots and underground stems.
In the second season, they produce flowers, fruits
and seeds, and then die. For example, cabbage,
Morphology of Flowering Plants
radish, turnip, etc., (grow in cold regions).
Definition
3. Perennials
These plants continue to grow for more than two Biennial Plants: These plants
growing seasons to several years. complete their life cycle in two
They bear flowers and fruits during specific growing seasons.
seasons.
4.
, Polycarpic Plants: Several perennial plants bear
flowers and fruits every year Mango, apple, Definition
lemon, etc.
Perennial Plants: These plants
Monocarpic Plants: Some perennial plants bear continue to grow for more than
flowers and fruits only once, after a long period two growing seasons to several
of vegetative growth, e.g., , etc. years.
They bear flowers and fruits
PARTS OF A FLOWERING PLANT during a specific season.
The plant body of an angiosperm or a flowering
plant primarily consists of an axis, which is
di erentiated into:
Root system
Shoot system
ROOT SYSTEM
The root system normally lies underground and
consists of a main root and its branches.
There is a most prominent root, which lies in the
center and is called the primary root. It bears
several lateral roots called secondary roots.
The secondary roots are further branched into
tertiary roots and finer rootlets. The tips of
rootlets are covered with root caps.
Behind the tips, there are few fine outgrowths
called root hairs.
Main Functions of the Root System
To anchor the plant in the ground.
To absorb water and minerals from the soil.
SHOOT SYSTEM
Morphology of Flowering Plants
The shoot system is normally aerial and consists
of:
Main Stem
Lateral branches
Leaves
Stem
At intervals, the stem and its branches possess
swollen areas called nodes.
5.
, Part of the stem between two adjacent nodes is
called internode.
Keywords
The leaves are borne in the region of nodes.
The angle between the leaf and the upper part of
stem is called axil. Vegetative Organs
It bears an axillary bud, which later develops into Nodes
a branch. Internode
A bud is also present at the tip of the stem or a Axillary bud
branch called terminal bud or apical bud. Terminal bud
Apical Bud is responsible for elongation of the Apical bud
stem or the branch. Veins
Lateral Branches
These are structurally similar to the stem.
Leaf
The leaf is a green, expanded, lateral outgrowth,
which develops on the stem or its branches at
the region of a node. Rack your Brain
Parts of a Leaf
Of what importance is the
Leaf base
study of leaf morphology for a
Petiole
physiologist?
Lamina or Leaf Blade
The leaf lamina is interspersed with numerous
vascular strands called veins. The lamina is
specialized for photosynthesis.
It is also the main site for transpiration and
respiration.
VEGETATIVE ORGANS AND REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS OF A PLANT
Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root, stem, and leaves (vegetative organs)
The flowers (reproductive organ) Definition
Fruits and seeds (associated with reproduction
and continuity of the race) Vegetative Organs: These
organs are concerned with
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOT nutrition, growth, and help in
The root is a non-green, non-photosynthetic, the maintenance of the plant
cylindrical, descending part of the plant that body.
develops from the radicle of seed.
6.
