PSIO 305 COMPLETE EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADE A+ 2024 UPDATE
What are myogenic regulatory factors?
Myogenic regulatory factors are transcription factors that can activate a set of genes
which specify cells to become muscle precursors and produce muscle specific proteins
Force production in muscle occurs at identical rates and velocities in all fiber and
motor unit types. T/F
False
Removing the developing ectoderm intact and placing it in culture without other
types of influence, it will form epidermal tissue. T/F
True
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) is essential for muscle development and growth.
It actively promotes which of the following?
1 Activation of Myogenin
2 Satellite cell differentiation
3 Myogenic cell proliferation
4 Inhibition of satellite cell proliferation
3 Myogenic cell proliferation
The Speeman organizer arises from the_______________ and is essential in the
formation of ______________
1 Ectoderm; skin sensory organs
2 Mesoderm; neural precursor cells
3 Ectoderm; epidermal precursor cells
4 Endoderm; synapses
2 Mesoderm; neural precursor cells
BMP/BMP Receptor interaction leads to SMAD1/SMAD4 complex migration into
the nucleus, resulting in induction of transcription factors which up-regulate
neural genes (resulting in neuronal cell development) and down-regulate
epidermal genes (resulting in skin cell development) T/F
False
Nerve Growth Factor has specific targets for its impact. These include
sympathetic and sensory neurons as well as the neurons in the frontal lobe and
hippocampus T/F
True
Order the steps that myogenic precursor cells go through to becoming muscle
cells during development.
____ Differentiate
____ Fuse
____ Migrate
____ Proliferate
____ Mature
,__3__ Differentiate
__4__ Fuse
__1__ Migrate
__2__ Proliferate
__5__ Mature
An increase in ALL of the following would suggest trophic communication or
support EXCEPT:
1.# of dendrites & synaptic terminals
2.Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from finger
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
4.Density of glial cells in memory areas
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
a "Do " communication: a relatively short term 'call to action' (activation) of the
respiratory muscles to meet the immediate demands of exercise: increased need of
oxygen and removal of CO2.T he remainder are longer term responses to trophic input,
promoting structural and/or functional changes in the cells or tissues involved
What is systemic communication?
Response to momentary stimulus or demand; can be Acute or short-term in order to
maintain homeostasis
-May be an integrated system response
What is trophic communication?
Promotes cell growth, differentiation, survival
-Long term (or longer) effects
-Robust phenomenon
-sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
What do Trophic Interactions between Cells & Tissues promote?
Growth, Differentiation, & Survival
What are the differences between fast and slow synapses?
Fast- Activate ion channels (ionotropic), Current flow/voltage change
Slow- Binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)(metabotropic), Downstream, slower
and more long lasting effect
What is the effect of dopamine on fast and slow synapses?
Fast- Activate ion channels, In Basal Ganglia, Affects movement planning "Do"
communication, but can be 'trophic' as well
Slow- Binds to GPCR, In Hypothalamus, Involved in hunger, thirst, temp regulation,
Trophic
What are the trophic importances of glia cells (neuroglia)?
•Regulation of environment- Ion channels, Transporters
•Regulation of growth via release of glia-derived growth factor
(also supportive and help insulate)
how do you 'know' how strong the stimulus is?
Rate coding: AP frequency is proportional to stimulus intensity
-Greater open time or distortion of channel: > greater ion flux and voltage changes, >
potential for reaching threshold, increased # of action potentials
How to indicate character of stimulus? (i.e, how do you 'know' the speed of onset
or rate of adaptation?)
, Pattern Coding: Pattern Indicates type of stimulus and responsiveness of sensory
receptor
What is temporal summation?
•a single source
•With multiple signals
•Over a short time
•Voltage change builds
What is spatial summation?
•Simultaneous arrival of multiple inputs, Spatially separated
-if one at a time: small voltage change for each channel alone
-If simultaneous: Voltage change reflects the sum of the ion flux through all theopen
channels.
What is the result of both temporal and spatial summation?
Both types of summation: increase release of NT's, open channel time, ion flux and
voltage change
What is a motor unit and what does it consist of?
•Smallest functional unit for voluntary force production
•Consists of: Motoneuron, the subset of muscle fibers it innervates
With aging, there is a loss of motor neurons and a subsequent loss of motor units
(MU). The remaining motor neurons often 'pick up' new fibers, providing
innervation to some of the abandoned muscle fibers. This new MU arrangement
might lead to which of the following in the elderly?
1.Increased overall strength
2.Increased proprioception
3.Decreased precision of movement
4.Decreased ability for temporal summation
3.Decreased precision of movement
Remaining MU's are larger, reducing ability to finely increase or decrease forces for
movement control and adjustments
What are muscle Fiber types categorized based on?
•Contractile speed
•Fiber diameter
•Metabolic preferences
•Fatiguability
What is a sarcomere made up of?
•Contractile repeating unit
•Bounded by Z disc/line
•Thin filaments-Actin
•Thick Filaments-Myosin
What is f-actin?
Double-stranded helix of globular actin
What is a myosin head composed of?
•Myosin Heavy chain (various isoforms)
•Myosin Light chains
•Site for myosin ATPase
What does Magnitude of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon?
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADE A+ 2024 UPDATE
What are myogenic regulatory factors?
Myogenic regulatory factors are transcription factors that can activate a set of genes
which specify cells to become muscle precursors and produce muscle specific proteins
Force production in muscle occurs at identical rates and velocities in all fiber and
motor unit types. T/F
False
Removing the developing ectoderm intact and placing it in culture without other
types of influence, it will form epidermal tissue. T/F
True
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) is essential for muscle development and growth.
It actively promotes which of the following?
1 Activation of Myogenin
2 Satellite cell differentiation
3 Myogenic cell proliferation
4 Inhibition of satellite cell proliferation
3 Myogenic cell proliferation
The Speeman organizer arises from the_______________ and is essential in the
formation of ______________
1 Ectoderm; skin sensory organs
2 Mesoderm; neural precursor cells
3 Ectoderm; epidermal precursor cells
4 Endoderm; synapses
2 Mesoderm; neural precursor cells
BMP/BMP Receptor interaction leads to SMAD1/SMAD4 complex migration into
the nucleus, resulting in induction of transcription factors which up-regulate
neural genes (resulting in neuronal cell development) and down-regulate
epidermal genes (resulting in skin cell development) T/F
False
Nerve Growth Factor has specific targets for its impact. These include
sympathetic and sensory neurons as well as the neurons in the frontal lobe and
hippocampus T/F
True
Order the steps that myogenic precursor cells go through to becoming muscle
cells during development.
____ Differentiate
____ Fuse
____ Migrate
____ Proliferate
____ Mature
,__3__ Differentiate
__4__ Fuse
__1__ Migrate
__2__ Proliferate
__5__ Mature
An increase in ALL of the following would suggest trophic communication or
support EXCEPT:
1.# of dendrites & synaptic terminals
2.Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from finger
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
4.Density of glial cells in memory areas
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
a "Do " communication: a relatively short term 'call to action' (activation) of the
respiratory muscles to meet the immediate demands of exercise: increased need of
oxygen and removal of CO2.T he remainder are longer term responses to trophic input,
promoting structural and/or functional changes in the cells or tissues involved
What is systemic communication?
Response to momentary stimulus or demand; can be Acute or short-term in order to
maintain homeostasis
-May be an integrated system response
What is trophic communication?
Promotes cell growth, differentiation, survival
-Long term (or longer) effects
-Robust phenomenon
-sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
What do Trophic Interactions between Cells & Tissues promote?
Growth, Differentiation, & Survival
What are the differences between fast and slow synapses?
Fast- Activate ion channels (ionotropic), Current flow/voltage change
Slow- Binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)(metabotropic), Downstream, slower
and more long lasting effect
What is the effect of dopamine on fast and slow synapses?
Fast- Activate ion channels, In Basal Ganglia, Affects movement planning "Do"
communication, but can be 'trophic' as well
Slow- Binds to GPCR, In Hypothalamus, Involved in hunger, thirst, temp regulation,
Trophic
What are the trophic importances of glia cells (neuroglia)?
•Regulation of environment- Ion channels, Transporters
•Regulation of growth via release of glia-derived growth factor
(also supportive and help insulate)
how do you 'know' how strong the stimulus is?
Rate coding: AP frequency is proportional to stimulus intensity
-Greater open time or distortion of channel: > greater ion flux and voltage changes, >
potential for reaching threshold, increased # of action potentials
How to indicate character of stimulus? (i.e, how do you 'know' the speed of onset
or rate of adaptation?)
, Pattern Coding: Pattern Indicates type of stimulus and responsiveness of sensory
receptor
What is temporal summation?
•a single source
•With multiple signals
•Over a short time
•Voltage change builds
What is spatial summation?
•Simultaneous arrival of multiple inputs, Spatially separated
-if one at a time: small voltage change for each channel alone
-If simultaneous: Voltage change reflects the sum of the ion flux through all theopen
channels.
What is the result of both temporal and spatial summation?
Both types of summation: increase release of NT's, open channel time, ion flux and
voltage change
What is a motor unit and what does it consist of?
•Smallest functional unit for voluntary force production
•Consists of: Motoneuron, the subset of muscle fibers it innervates
With aging, there is a loss of motor neurons and a subsequent loss of motor units
(MU). The remaining motor neurons often 'pick up' new fibers, providing
innervation to some of the abandoned muscle fibers. This new MU arrangement
might lead to which of the following in the elderly?
1.Increased overall strength
2.Increased proprioception
3.Decreased precision of movement
4.Decreased ability for temporal summation
3.Decreased precision of movement
Remaining MU's are larger, reducing ability to finely increase or decrease forces for
movement control and adjustments
What are muscle Fiber types categorized based on?
•Contractile speed
•Fiber diameter
•Metabolic preferences
•Fatiguability
What is a sarcomere made up of?
•Contractile repeating unit
•Bounded by Z disc/line
•Thin filaments-Actin
•Thick Filaments-Myosin
What is f-actin?
Double-stranded helix of globular actin
What is a myosin head composed of?
•Myosin Heavy chain (various isoforms)
•Myosin Light chains
•Site for myosin ATPase
What does Magnitude of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon?
