BIO 252 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE-PART 1 Chamberlain college of nursing

exam 1 = 29 questions  3 essay questions  7 image questions  Rest is M.C. 1. Gross structure of muscle and surrounding connective tissue: a. The muscle is arranged in a hierarchical structure: i. Whole muscle: 1. Made up of multiple muscle fascicles 2. Surrounded by epimysium: a. External sheath of connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle. b. Separates whole muscles from one another ii. Muscle fascicle: 1. Bundles of individual muscle fibers 2. Surrounded by perimysium: Thin sheaths of connective tissue. iii. Muscle Fiber: 1. Individual muscle cells (but typically called “fibers” because they are so long). 2. Immediately encased by sarcolemma 3. Surrounded by endomysium: a. Thin sheaths of areolar connective tissue. b. Contain capillaries and nerve fibers to supply each cell/fiber. 4. Have several hundred to several thousand myofibrils in each muscle fiber. iv. Myofibrils: 1. Long functional subunits made up of myofilaments within a muscle cell. 2. Surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum. v. Myofilaments: individual contractile proteins. 2. Functions of Skeletal Muscle:  Movement (by exerting a physical force on bone)  Stability: o Support of the skeleton o Stabilize joints o Maintain posture  Control of body passages and openings: o Create the diameter of blood vessels via vasoconstriction and vasodilation o Move food through the GI tract via peristalsis o Sphincters control body openings:  How much light enters the eyes  When food passes through certain parts of the GI tract  Heat: production: muscle contraction generates heat 3. Functions of Smooth Muscle:  In the cardiovascular system, smooth muscle is used in vessels to maintain blood pressure and flow.  in the lungs, it opens and closes airways.  in the gastrointestinal system it plays a role in motility and nutrition collection.