CDR Exam Practice Questions And
Answers.
CDC -
\Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
An org under DHHS (dept of health and human services)
child labor laws -
\under fair labor standards act
regulate work hours and duties of children
"Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational
opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their
health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work
and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform."
Enforcement of the FLSA's child labor provisions is handled by the Department's Wage
and Hour Division.
Class 1 recall -
\strong likelihood that the product will cause serious adverse effects or death
A Class I recall is the most urgent and serious of the three types of FDA recalls. Class I
recalls usually pertain to defective products that can cause serious health problems or
death. An example would be an over-the-counter medication that has contamination
from a toxin. If a Class I recall takes place, the FDA will oversee the recall process and
ensure the manufacturer takes sufficient steps to protect the public.
An FDA "Class II Recall" is an intermediate threat level recall.A Class II recall is issued
where there is no immediate danger of death or other serious injury linked to the
product, but the risk of death or a serious injury is still present. A Class II recall is more
preventative in nature, but there are still health and safety risks involved. As in a Class I
recall, the FDA will work with the manufacturer to help get the word out about the recall,
as well as to create a plan to make sure that all of the recalled items are pulled from the
market as quickly as possible.
An FDA "Class III Recall" is the least serious of all recalls.A Class II recall is typically
issued where there is no immediate or perceived danger of any health issues, but where
items have been released that are in violation of FDA regulations. An example of a
Class III Recall is the 2010 recall of children's medicines that were potentially
contaminated with small pieces of plastic during the manufacturing process.
,Correlation vs. Causation -
\correlation does not equal causation
dependent variable
independent variable -
\dependent: the outcome or effect of the independent variable in research
(the y axis)
independent: variable that is exposed to the experimental group in research
(x axis)
ex. fat is independent while weight gain is dependent
all are measures of central tendency from frequency distribution
descriptive test -
\used to summarize and describe data
mean, median, mode, range, variance, SD
duo trio test -
\Difference test in which two samples are judged against a control to determine which of
the two samples is different from the control
A Duo-Trio Test is an overall difference test which will determine whether or not a
sensory difference exists between two samples. This method is particularly useful:
1. To determine whether product differences result from a change in ingredients,
processing, packaging, or storage
2. To determine whether an overall difference exists, where no specific attributes can be
identified as having been affected
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade I -
\Good—The evidence consists of results from studies of strong design for answering
the question addressed. The results are both clinically important and consistent with
minor exceptions at most. The results are free of serious doubts about generalizability,
bias, and flaws in research design. Studies with negative results have sufficiently large
sample sizes to have adequate statistical power.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
, Grade II -
\Grade II: Fair—The evidence consists of results from studies of strong design
answering the question addressed, but there is uncertainty attached to the conclusion
because of inconsistencies among the results from different studies or because of
doubts about generalizability, bias, research design flaws, or adequacy of sample size.
Alternatively, the evidence consists solely of results from weaker designs for the
questions addressed, but the results have been confirmed in separate studies and are
consistent with minor exceptions at most.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade III -
\Grade III: Limited—The evidence consists of results from a limited number of studies of
weak design for answering the questions addressed. Evidence from studies of strong
design is either unavailable because no studies of strong design have been done or
because the studies that have been done are inconclusive due to lack of
generalizability, bias, design flaws, or inadequate sample sizes.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade IV -
\Grade IV: Expert Opinion Only—The support of the conclusion consists solely of the
statement of informed medical commentators based on their clinical experience,
unsubstantiated by the results of any research studies.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade V -
\Grade V: Not Assignable—There is no evidence available that directly supports or
refutes the conclusion.
Errors of data distortion -
\data distortion is the intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of a dataset through
the use of cherry picking, statistical over-engineering, or graphical complexity and
proportional warping.
Experimental -
\to explore cause and effect
utilizes independent variable and measures the dependent variable (allows for more
control by the researcher)
focus group -
\qualitative data
Answers.
CDC -
\Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
An org under DHHS (dept of health and human services)
child labor laws -
\under fair labor standards act
regulate work hours and duties of children
"Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational
opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their
health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work
and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform."
Enforcement of the FLSA's child labor provisions is handled by the Department's Wage
and Hour Division.
Class 1 recall -
\strong likelihood that the product will cause serious adverse effects or death
A Class I recall is the most urgent and serious of the three types of FDA recalls. Class I
recalls usually pertain to defective products that can cause serious health problems or
death. An example would be an over-the-counter medication that has contamination
from a toxin. If a Class I recall takes place, the FDA will oversee the recall process and
ensure the manufacturer takes sufficient steps to protect the public.
An FDA "Class II Recall" is an intermediate threat level recall.A Class II recall is issued
where there is no immediate danger of death or other serious injury linked to the
product, but the risk of death or a serious injury is still present. A Class II recall is more
preventative in nature, but there are still health and safety risks involved. As in a Class I
recall, the FDA will work with the manufacturer to help get the word out about the recall,
as well as to create a plan to make sure that all of the recalled items are pulled from the
market as quickly as possible.
An FDA "Class III Recall" is the least serious of all recalls.A Class II recall is typically
issued where there is no immediate or perceived danger of any health issues, but where
items have been released that are in violation of FDA regulations. An example of a
Class III Recall is the 2010 recall of children's medicines that were potentially
contaminated with small pieces of plastic during the manufacturing process.
,Correlation vs. Causation -
\correlation does not equal causation
dependent variable
independent variable -
\dependent: the outcome or effect of the independent variable in research
(the y axis)
independent: variable that is exposed to the experimental group in research
(x axis)
ex. fat is independent while weight gain is dependent
all are measures of central tendency from frequency distribution
descriptive test -
\used to summarize and describe data
mean, median, mode, range, variance, SD
duo trio test -
\Difference test in which two samples are judged against a control to determine which of
the two samples is different from the control
A Duo-Trio Test is an overall difference test which will determine whether or not a
sensory difference exists between two samples. This method is particularly useful:
1. To determine whether product differences result from a change in ingredients,
processing, packaging, or storage
2. To determine whether an overall difference exists, where no specific attributes can be
identified as having been affected
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade I -
\Good—The evidence consists of results from studies of strong design for answering
the question addressed. The results are both clinically important and consistent with
minor exceptions at most. The results are free of serious doubts about generalizability,
bias, and flaws in research design. Studies with negative results have sufficiently large
sample sizes to have adequate statistical power.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
, Grade II -
\Grade II: Fair—The evidence consists of results from studies of strong design
answering the question addressed, but there is uncertainty attached to the conclusion
because of inconsistencies among the results from different studies or because of
doubts about generalizability, bias, research design flaws, or adequacy of sample size.
Alternatively, the evidence consists solely of results from weaker designs for the
questions addressed, but the results have been confirmed in separate studies and are
consistent with minor exceptions at most.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade III -
\Grade III: Limited—The evidence consists of results from a limited number of studies of
weak design for answering the questions addressed. Evidence from studies of strong
design is either unavailable because no studies of strong design have been done or
because the studies that have been done are inconclusive due to lack of
generalizability, bias, design flaws, or inadequate sample sizes.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade IV -
\Grade IV: Expert Opinion Only—The support of the conclusion consists solely of the
statement of informed medical commentators based on their clinical experience,
unsubstantiated by the results of any research studies.
EBM Grading Evidence (Evidence Based medicine grading)
Grade V -
\Grade V: Not Assignable—There is no evidence available that directly supports or
refutes the conclusion.
Errors of data distortion -
\data distortion is the intentional or unintentional misrepresentation of a dataset through
the use of cherry picking, statistical over-engineering, or graphical complexity and
proportional warping.
Experimental -
\to explore cause and effect
utilizes independent variable and measures the dependent variable (allows for more
control by the researcher)
focus group -
\qualitative data
