MSU HNF 150 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS /Exam TEST GRADE
A+
sources of water input
drinking fluids, eating foods, produced from the metabolism
sources of water output
perspiration, lung respiration, feces, urine
what is hard water
has more minerals overall (Ca and Mg), about 85% of water in US, leaves deposits
what is soft water
less minerals, contains mostly Na, not as palatable
major roles of water
carries nutrients, solvent, participates in chemical reactions, shock absorber, body temp
regulation, removal of waste
causes of dehydration
don't drink enough fluids, diuretics (alcohol, caffeine), eat lots of salt and sugar
symptoms of dehydration
Thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, headache, dizziness, deep yellow urine. Seizures, low blood
pressure, coma are severe dehydration symptoms, BP decrease, increased pulse
how is water regulated in the body
The hypothalamus and the kidneys act together to control water in the body, such as
making feelings of thirst
compare the safety regulations of tap and bottled water
Tap requires disinfection, confirms e coli and coliform is banned, they test more
frequently for bacteria, they filter pathogens and viruses, test for organic chemicals
more often
water balance
comparison of input and output
solvent
dissolves solutes
diuretic
water pills or foods designed to increase amount of water and salt expelled as urine
electrolytes
compounds that separate into ions within water, able to conduct electrical current
ions
charged particles
anions
negative charge (chloride)
cations
positive charge (Na)
hyponatremia
water toxicity, water pulled into cells, causing them to swell, symptoms: headache,
nausea, respiratory arrest
,role of minerals in maintaining fluid and electrolytes
Mineral salts form electrolytes which help keep fluids in their proper place and buffer
these fluids, which allows all life processes to take place, sodium and potassium
role of minerals in maintaining acid base
act as buffers to maintain the body's fluids proper pH. It will either gather or release H+
as needed to maintain pH.I
-sodium and phosphorus
decreased bioavailability
Phytic acid in wheat grain fiber binds strongly to some minerals. (enzymes in the yeast
improve the mineral bioavailability).
-Oxalic acid in leafy green plants reduces bioavailability (spinach, chard, beet greens).
-Polyphenols(in tea, chocolate, wine) can lower bioavailability of minerals.
increased bioavailability
vitamin c increases iron absorb
vitamin d, increases calcium magnesium and phosphorus increase
hcl makes minerals more bioavailable by dissolving
bioavailability
the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available in
the body
phytic acid
some whole grain fibers and legumes strongly bind to some minerals, oxalic acid
reduces bioavailability (spinach, chard, beet greens), polyphenols (tea, chocolate, wine)
can lower bioavailability
gastric acidity
is when HCl makes minerals more bioavailable by converting to a more easily absorbed
form
trace minerals
are often very reactive and toxic in their free form, so they usually have specific
transport proteins to carry them
what are the trace minerals
iodine, zinc, fluoride, iron, selenium
function of iodine
needed for thyroid hormones, regulate basal metabolic rate
iodine deficiency/symptoms
goiter, cretinism, fetal brain and growth development
cretinism
iodine deficiency during pregnancy that causes severe intellectual disability, loss of
hearing and speech, very short stature
function of zinc
works with protein to help enzymes, essential to wound healing, taste, cognitive
development, assists in immune function
zinc deficiency/symptoms
Loss of appetite and sense of taste, delayed growth and sexual maturation, immune
dysfunction: dermatitis and diarrhea, birth defects, and infant mortality
iodine food sources
iodized salt, saltwater seafood, seaweed, dairy
, zinc food sources
Mollusks, red meat, seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grains
fluoride function
thought to promote re-mineralization of tooth enamel
fluoride deficiency/symptoms
too much: fluorosis, mottling (spots) on teeth
fluoride food sources
Water, tea with fluoride in it, seafood and seaweed
what are the major minerals
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium
function of calcium
Regulates blood calcium levels (vitamin D promotes absorption)
99% stored in bones and teeth, bone remodeling & repair, nerve transmission, blood
clotting, blood pressure, muscle contraction and heartbeat
calcium deficiency/symptoms
Rickets, Osteoporosis - bone loss, osteopenia
calcium food sources
spinach, kale, dairy products, orange juice
function of magnesium
assists in enzyme function, energy metabolism, affects metabolism of potassium,
calcium, and vitamin D, protein formation, muscular relaxation, provides resistance to
tooth decay
magnesium deficiency/symptoms
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms, disorientation, nausea, seizures,
possible impaired nerve function, risk of osteoporosis
magnesium food sources
Found in green leafy vegetables, squash, beans, nuts, grains, milk, meat, eggs, hard
water
function of iron
oxygen transport, helps enzymes and immune cells
neurotransmitter synthesis, energy metabolism
iron deficiency/symptoms
Anemia: fatigue, difficulty in daily activities, impaired immunity, cognitive/developmental
impairments in children
iron food sources
heme iron: mollusks, meat, fish, poultry, non heme iron: green leafy veggies, seeds,
beans
potassium function
Maintains volume of fluid INSIDE cells, similar to Na, maintains membrane potential,
muscle contraction, fluid balance
potassium deficiency/symptoms
hypokalemia
what is hypokalemia
weakness, fatigue, irritability, constipation, irregular heartbeat
sodium function
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS /Exam TEST GRADE
A+
sources of water input
drinking fluids, eating foods, produced from the metabolism
sources of water output
perspiration, lung respiration, feces, urine
what is hard water
has more minerals overall (Ca and Mg), about 85% of water in US, leaves deposits
what is soft water
less minerals, contains mostly Na, not as palatable
major roles of water
carries nutrients, solvent, participates in chemical reactions, shock absorber, body temp
regulation, removal of waste
causes of dehydration
don't drink enough fluids, diuretics (alcohol, caffeine), eat lots of salt and sugar
symptoms of dehydration
Thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, headache, dizziness, deep yellow urine. Seizures, low blood
pressure, coma are severe dehydration symptoms, BP decrease, increased pulse
how is water regulated in the body
The hypothalamus and the kidneys act together to control water in the body, such as
making feelings of thirst
compare the safety regulations of tap and bottled water
Tap requires disinfection, confirms e coli and coliform is banned, they test more
frequently for bacteria, they filter pathogens and viruses, test for organic chemicals
more often
water balance
comparison of input and output
solvent
dissolves solutes
diuretic
water pills or foods designed to increase amount of water and salt expelled as urine
electrolytes
compounds that separate into ions within water, able to conduct electrical current
ions
charged particles
anions
negative charge (chloride)
cations
positive charge (Na)
hyponatremia
water toxicity, water pulled into cells, causing them to swell, symptoms: headache,
nausea, respiratory arrest
,role of minerals in maintaining fluid and electrolytes
Mineral salts form electrolytes which help keep fluids in their proper place and buffer
these fluids, which allows all life processes to take place, sodium and potassium
role of minerals in maintaining acid base
act as buffers to maintain the body's fluids proper pH. It will either gather or release H+
as needed to maintain pH.I
-sodium and phosphorus
decreased bioavailability
Phytic acid in wheat grain fiber binds strongly to some minerals. (enzymes in the yeast
improve the mineral bioavailability).
-Oxalic acid in leafy green plants reduces bioavailability (spinach, chard, beet greens).
-Polyphenols(in tea, chocolate, wine) can lower bioavailability of minerals.
increased bioavailability
vitamin c increases iron absorb
vitamin d, increases calcium magnesium and phosphorus increase
hcl makes minerals more bioavailable by dissolving
bioavailability
the degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available in
the body
phytic acid
some whole grain fibers and legumes strongly bind to some minerals, oxalic acid
reduces bioavailability (spinach, chard, beet greens), polyphenols (tea, chocolate, wine)
can lower bioavailability
gastric acidity
is when HCl makes minerals more bioavailable by converting to a more easily absorbed
form
trace minerals
are often very reactive and toxic in their free form, so they usually have specific
transport proteins to carry them
what are the trace minerals
iodine, zinc, fluoride, iron, selenium
function of iodine
needed for thyroid hormones, regulate basal metabolic rate
iodine deficiency/symptoms
goiter, cretinism, fetal brain and growth development
cretinism
iodine deficiency during pregnancy that causes severe intellectual disability, loss of
hearing and speech, very short stature
function of zinc
works with protein to help enzymes, essential to wound healing, taste, cognitive
development, assists in immune function
zinc deficiency/symptoms
Loss of appetite and sense of taste, delayed growth and sexual maturation, immune
dysfunction: dermatitis and diarrhea, birth defects, and infant mortality
iodine food sources
iodized salt, saltwater seafood, seaweed, dairy
, zinc food sources
Mollusks, red meat, seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grains
fluoride function
thought to promote re-mineralization of tooth enamel
fluoride deficiency/symptoms
too much: fluorosis, mottling (spots) on teeth
fluoride food sources
Water, tea with fluoride in it, seafood and seaweed
what are the major minerals
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium
function of calcium
Regulates blood calcium levels (vitamin D promotes absorption)
99% stored in bones and teeth, bone remodeling & repair, nerve transmission, blood
clotting, blood pressure, muscle contraction and heartbeat
calcium deficiency/symptoms
Rickets, Osteoporosis - bone loss, osteopenia
calcium food sources
spinach, kale, dairy products, orange juice
function of magnesium
assists in enzyme function, energy metabolism, affects metabolism of potassium,
calcium, and vitamin D, protein formation, muscular relaxation, provides resistance to
tooth decay
magnesium deficiency/symptoms
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms, disorientation, nausea, seizures,
possible impaired nerve function, risk of osteoporosis
magnesium food sources
Found in green leafy vegetables, squash, beans, nuts, grains, milk, meat, eggs, hard
water
function of iron
oxygen transport, helps enzymes and immune cells
neurotransmitter synthesis, energy metabolism
iron deficiency/symptoms
Anemia: fatigue, difficulty in daily activities, impaired immunity, cognitive/developmental
impairments in children
iron food sources
heme iron: mollusks, meat, fish, poultry, non heme iron: green leafy veggies, seeds,
beans
potassium function
Maintains volume of fluid INSIDE cells, similar to Na, maintains membrane potential,
muscle contraction, fluid balance
potassium deficiency/symptoms
hypokalemia
what is hypokalemia
weakness, fatigue, irritability, constipation, irregular heartbeat
sodium function
