BIOLOGY 101 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GIUDE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GET IT RIGHT EXAM
PRACTICE APPROVE GRADE A+_
what is mitosis
the process of chromosomes being torn apart to create two daughter nuclei
stages of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
explain the first phase of mitosis
in the process of prophase, the chromosomes will thicken and condense. The nucleolus
will disappear and centrosomes begin to from spindle fibres on each end of the cell
explain the second phase of mitosis
in the process of metaphase, chromosomes gets aligned together in the middle of the
cell. The spindle fibres on each end of the cell attaches to each of the centromeres (in
the middle of the chromosomes.)
explain the third place of mitosis
in the process of anaphase, the spindle fibres pulls the chromatid on each end of the
cell. once chromatid separate, they become a chromosome.
explain the fourth phase of mitosis
in the process of telophase, two new daughter nuclei are formed and spindle fibres start
to disappear
what is the cell theory
all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
cells are the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes
all cells come from other cells, they do not come from non-living matter
what are prokaryotes
they are organisms that exist as single cells. They do not have a nucleus or other
membrane bound organelles. ex archaea and bacteria
what are eukaryotes
they are cells that have more complex internal organization. They have a nucleus and
other organelles. ex plants and animals
explain diffusion
, its the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. i.e. spraying
perfume to one area (high) of the room but eventually spread out to the entire room
(low)
explain osmosis
the movement of water from HYPOtonic solution to HYPERtonic solution. i.e. used to
balance amount of salt particles in the water to make it neutral
why does cell division occur
GROWTH
multi-celled organisms originate from a single cell, this is necessary for organisms to
grow
REPAIR
to replace damaged or dead cells
how does a cell replicate successfully
the cell's genetic info must be copied
copies of the genetic info must be separated from each other
the cell must divide
what is asexual reproduction
when cells replicate and divide for growth. single celled organisms go through binary
fusion while multicellular will go through mitosis and cytokinesis
three stages of a cell
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
what is interphase
the first phase of the cell, the cell will grow, function replicate DNA and prepare for cell
division
How many chromosomes are in the cells the human body
23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
DNA is known in the form of
chromosomes
what is DNA composed of
pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases (AGTC)
sequence of base pairings makes up the genetic info
the bases make words of three letters long known as CODONS
what are codons
they are made up of nitrogenous bases in the form of three letter words
what are mutations
they are changes in the cell's DNA
they can be beneficial and help cells develop resistance to foreign invaders
what happens when mutated cells divide
they will reproduce two mutated daughter cells based on the DNA of the parent cell
types of mutation
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GET IT RIGHT EXAM
PRACTICE APPROVE GRADE A+_
what is mitosis
the process of chromosomes being torn apart to create two daughter nuclei
stages of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
explain the first phase of mitosis
in the process of prophase, the chromosomes will thicken and condense. The nucleolus
will disappear and centrosomes begin to from spindle fibres on each end of the cell
explain the second phase of mitosis
in the process of metaphase, chromosomes gets aligned together in the middle of the
cell. The spindle fibres on each end of the cell attaches to each of the centromeres (in
the middle of the chromosomes.)
explain the third place of mitosis
in the process of anaphase, the spindle fibres pulls the chromatid on each end of the
cell. once chromatid separate, they become a chromosome.
explain the fourth phase of mitosis
in the process of telophase, two new daughter nuclei are formed and spindle fibres start
to disappear
what is the cell theory
all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
cells are the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes
all cells come from other cells, they do not come from non-living matter
what are prokaryotes
they are organisms that exist as single cells. They do not have a nucleus or other
membrane bound organelles. ex archaea and bacteria
what are eukaryotes
they are cells that have more complex internal organization. They have a nucleus and
other organelles. ex plants and animals
explain diffusion
, its the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. i.e. spraying
perfume to one area (high) of the room but eventually spread out to the entire room
(low)
explain osmosis
the movement of water from HYPOtonic solution to HYPERtonic solution. i.e. used to
balance amount of salt particles in the water to make it neutral
why does cell division occur
GROWTH
multi-celled organisms originate from a single cell, this is necessary for organisms to
grow
REPAIR
to replace damaged or dead cells
how does a cell replicate successfully
the cell's genetic info must be copied
copies of the genetic info must be separated from each other
the cell must divide
what is asexual reproduction
when cells replicate and divide for growth. single celled organisms go through binary
fusion while multicellular will go through mitosis and cytokinesis
three stages of a cell
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
what is interphase
the first phase of the cell, the cell will grow, function replicate DNA and prepare for cell
division
How many chromosomes are in the cells the human body
23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
DNA is known in the form of
chromosomes
what is DNA composed of
pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases (AGTC)
sequence of base pairings makes up the genetic info
the bases make words of three letters long known as CODONS
what are codons
they are made up of nitrogenous bases in the form of three letter words
what are mutations
they are changes in the cell's DNA
they can be beneficial and help cells develop resistance to foreign invaders
what happens when mutated cells divide
they will reproduce two mutated daughter cells based on the DNA of the parent cell
types of mutation
