genchem
Topic 1: Atoms, Molecules, & Ions
➼ Definition of Terms
Compound: combination of two or more elements
➼ The Big Bang Theory
1. Boiling “soup” with electrons, quarks, and other elementary particles. Space cools off
rapidly. Quarks form protons and neutrons
2. Universe–superhot fog. Heated protons and electrons hinder the emission of light.
Light elements created like deuterium, lithium, helium.
3. Protons, electrons, neutrons combine and form atoms. Primarily hydrogen and
helium atoms.
4. Galaxy formation era. Hydrogen and helium atoms begin to form giant clouds that
will become galaxies and stars.
5. First dying stars produce heavy elements, which turn into new stars and planets.
➼ History of Atoms
● Democritus (400 B.C.): Greek philosopher; first to introduce the concept of atom;
said that atoms are different in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement; was
mocked by Aristotle the Asshole
● John Dalton (1800’s): created Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.
2. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
3. Elements are characterized by the weight of their atoms.
4. When elements react, it is their atoms that combine to form new compounds
➼ The Laws of Chemical Combination
● Basis/Foundation of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
● Antoine Lavoisier: French chemist, “Father of Chemistry”
1.) Law of Conservation of Mass: states that in a chemical reaction, mass is neither
created nor destroyed, only recycled; aka “Law of Indestructibility of Matter”
E.g.
2.) Law of Definite Proportion: two or more different types of atom in fixed ratios
, combine to form compounds, made by Joseph Proust; “Law of Constant
Composition”, “Proust’s Law”
3.) Law of Multiple Proportion: if two elements form more than one compound, the
various masses of one elements combining with a fixed mass of another elements
are related by small whole number ratios; aka “Dalton’s Law”
➼ Atoms
● Atoms: smallest unit into which matter can
be divided without release of electrically
charged particles
● Smallest unit of matter that has properties
of an element
● Basic building block of chemistry
➼ Atomic Structure: the arrangement of
subatomic particles in an atom
● Ernest Rutherford: made “Nuclear
Model”
● Nuclear Model: states that atoms
contain nucleus (protons and
neutrons) and electrons that
surround the nucleus
Topic 1: Atoms, Molecules, & Ions
➼ Definition of Terms
Compound: combination of two or more elements
➼ The Big Bang Theory
1. Boiling “soup” with electrons, quarks, and other elementary particles. Space cools off
rapidly. Quarks form protons and neutrons
2. Universe–superhot fog. Heated protons and electrons hinder the emission of light.
Light elements created like deuterium, lithium, helium.
3. Protons, electrons, neutrons combine and form atoms. Primarily hydrogen and
helium atoms.
4. Galaxy formation era. Hydrogen and helium atoms begin to form giant clouds that
will become galaxies and stars.
5. First dying stars produce heavy elements, which turn into new stars and planets.
➼ History of Atoms
● Democritus (400 B.C.): Greek philosopher; first to introduce the concept of atom;
said that atoms are different in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement; was
mocked by Aristotle the Asshole
● John Dalton (1800’s): created Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.
2. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
3. Elements are characterized by the weight of their atoms.
4. When elements react, it is their atoms that combine to form new compounds
➼ The Laws of Chemical Combination
● Basis/Foundation of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
● Antoine Lavoisier: French chemist, “Father of Chemistry”
1.) Law of Conservation of Mass: states that in a chemical reaction, mass is neither
created nor destroyed, only recycled; aka “Law of Indestructibility of Matter”
E.g.
2.) Law of Definite Proportion: two or more different types of atom in fixed ratios
, combine to form compounds, made by Joseph Proust; “Law of Constant
Composition”, “Proust’s Law”
3.) Law of Multiple Proportion: if two elements form more than one compound, the
various masses of one elements combining with a fixed mass of another elements
are related by small whole number ratios; aka “Dalton’s Law”
➼ Atoms
● Atoms: smallest unit into which matter can
be divided without release of electrically
charged particles
● Smallest unit of matter that has properties
of an element
● Basic building block of chemistry
➼ Atomic Structure: the arrangement of
subatomic particles in an atom
● Ernest Rutherford: made “Nuclear
Model”
● Nuclear Model: states that atoms
contain nucleus (protons and
neutrons) and electrons that
surround the nucleus
