Exam 1 HCR 240 Questions & answers
Passive Transport - CORRECT ANSWER--occurs when water and small,
electrically uncharged molecules move through pores
-the difference in concentration is known as concentration gradient
-hydrostatic pressure= filtration, water solutes move through a membrane
because of greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than the
other
Plasma Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER--controls the movement of
substances
-maintains cell polarity
-cell to cell communication
-allows smaller molecules to enter such as oxygen and carbon
-hydrophilic heads= water loving
-hydrophobic heads= water hater
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER-high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER-low concentration to high concentration
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER--control cell division
-control genetic information (DNA and RNA)
-has a double membrane envelope which has gaps called nuclear pores which
controls entry and exit
Ribosoms - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesize polypeptides and proteins from
RNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER--connected to the outer
membrane of the nucleus
-Rough ER= contains ribosomes which synthesizes, folds, and transports
proteins
-Smooth ER= synthesize lipids and steroid hormones, can also remove toxic
substances from the cell
,Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER-refine and transport proteins ,
polynucleotides, and polysaccharide molecules
Lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER--Filled with hydrolases
-intracellular digestion and autophagy
Peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER--filled with catalase and irate oxidase
-detoxify waste, breakdown fatty acids, synthesize specializes phospholipids
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER--cellular respiration and energy production
-double membrane organelle
-inner membrane contains a chain which produces ATP
-have their own DNA that codes for enzymes in the respiratory chain
Hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER--lack of oxygen in cell or tissue
-lack of oxygen in air, loos of hemoglobin or hemoglobin function, reduced
number of RBC
-most common cause= ischemia- lack of blood supply
-decreases ATP, cessation of protein synthesis, cell death, mitochondria swelling
Asphyxiation - CORRECT ANSWER-injury due to the cells failure to receive or
use oxygen
-suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
Free radicals - CORRECT ANSWER--molecules which have lost an electron
-they are high reactive and will bind to anything
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - CORRECT ANSWER--naturally formed during
mitochondrial respiration
-chemical signaling but can lead to pathology when there is too much
Toxic Chemicals - CORRECT ANSWER--indoor and outdoor air pollution
-increases risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, asthma
-heavy metal toxicity= lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
-lead poisoning= paint, the environment, work and can affect central and
peripheral nervous system
, Infectious Agents - CORRECT ANSWER-viruses, bacteria, parasites
Immunological Reactions - CORRECT ANSWER--immune mediated
hypersensitivity reactions= abnormal immune system response (allergies,
asthma, eczema)
-Autoimmune disorders= antibody formation against normal cell receptors
Physical and Mechanical Factors - CORRECT ANSWER--Hypothermic injuries=
chilling or freezing of cells (<95 F), slows metabolic processes and creates
electrolyte abnormalities
-Hyperthermic injuries= due to excessive heat (heat cramps, heat exhaustion,
heat stroke)
-Heat= produce sweat (evaporative cooling), vasodilator peripheral blood vessels
(surface heat loos)
Genetic Factors - CORRECT ANSWER--may alter a cells nucleus or plasma
membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms
Nutritional Imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER-Micronutrients= vitamins and
minerals
Macronutrients= carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Cellular Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER-cells respond to stressors and
injuries thought the process of adaptation
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER--decrease in cell size
-physiologic= naturally occurring throughout the aging process (thymus gland)
-pathologic= result of decrease in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition
(muscles in paralyzed patients)
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER--increase in cell size
-results in organs being enlarged
-physiologic= naturally occurring due to the increased demand, stimulation of
hormones, growth factors (Uterine enlargement in pregnancy)
-pathologic= result of chronic hemodynamic overload (left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER--increase in number of cells
Passive Transport - CORRECT ANSWER--occurs when water and small,
electrically uncharged molecules move through pores
-the difference in concentration is known as concentration gradient
-hydrostatic pressure= filtration, water solutes move through a membrane
because of greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than the
other
Plasma Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER--controls the movement of
substances
-maintains cell polarity
-cell to cell communication
-allows smaller molecules to enter such as oxygen and carbon
-hydrophilic heads= water loving
-hydrophobic heads= water hater
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER-high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER-low concentration to high concentration
Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER--control cell division
-control genetic information (DNA and RNA)
-has a double membrane envelope which has gaps called nuclear pores which
controls entry and exit
Ribosoms - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesize polypeptides and proteins from
RNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER--connected to the outer
membrane of the nucleus
-Rough ER= contains ribosomes which synthesizes, folds, and transports
proteins
-Smooth ER= synthesize lipids and steroid hormones, can also remove toxic
substances from the cell
,Golgi Apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER-refine and transport proteins ,
polynucleotides, and polysaccharide molecules
Lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER--Filled with hydrolases
-intracellular digestion and autophagy
Peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER--filled with catalase and irate oxidase
-detoxify waste, breakdown fatty acids, synthesize specializes phospholipids
Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER--cellular respiration and energy production
-double membrane organelle
-inner membrane contains a chain which produces ATP
-have their own DNA that codes for enzymes in the respiratory chain
Hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER--lack of oxygen in cell or tissue
-lack of oxygen in air, loos of hemoglobin or hemoglobin function, reduced
number of RBC
-most common cause= ischemia- lack of blood supply
-decreases ATP, cessation of protein synthesis, cell death, mitochondria swelling
Asphyxiation - CORRECT ANSWER-injury due to the cells failure to receive or
use oxygen
-suffocation, strangulation, chemical, drowning
Free radicals - CORRECT ANSWER--molecules which have lost an electron
-they are high reactive and will bind to anything
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - CORRECT ANSWER--naturally formed during
mitochondrial respiration
-chemical signaling but can lead to pathology when there is too much
Toxic Chemicals - CORRECT ANSWER--indoor and outdoor air pollution
-increases risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, asthma
-heavy metal toxicity= lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium
-lead poisoning= paint, the environment, work and can affect central and
peripheral nervous system
, Infectious Agents - CORRECT ANSWER-viruses, bacteria, parasites
Immunological Reactions - CORRECT ANSWER--immune mediated
hypersensitivity reactions= abnormal immune system response (allergies,
asthma, eczema)
-Autoimmune disorders= antibody formation against normal cell receptors
Physical and Mechanical Factors - CORRECT ANSWER--Hypothermic injuries=
chilling or freezing of cells (<95 F), slows metabolic processes and creates
electrolyte abnormalities
-Hyperthermic injuries= due to excessive heat (heat cramps, heat exhaustion,
heat stroke)
-Heat= produce sweat (evaporative cooling), vasodilator peripheral blood vessels
(surface heat loos)
Genetic Factors - CORRECT ANSWER--may alter a cells nucleus or plasma
membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms
Nutritional Imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER-Micronutrients= vitamins and
minerals
Macronutrients= carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Cellular Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER-cells respond to stressors and
injuries thought the process of adaptation
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER--decrease in cell size
-physiologic= naturally occurring throughout the aging process (thymus gland)
-pathologic= result of decrease in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition
(muscles in paralyzed patients)
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER--increase in cell size
-results in organs being enlarged
-physiologic= naturally occurring due to the increased demand, stimulation of
hormones, growth factors (Uterine enlargement in pregnancy)
-pathologic= result of chronic hemodynamic overload (left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER--increase in number of cells
