Liver and Renal Disorders Overview
Functions of the renal system - CORRECT ANSWER-Includes fluid balance,
detoxification, glucose regulation, blood pressure regulation, erythropoietin
production, and vitamin D activation
Normal anatomy of the renal system - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood filtered in
kidneys, urine produced, moves through ureters to bladder, excreted through
urethra
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-Functional unit of kidneys where urine is made
and concentrated, one billion per kidney
Major functions of the nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-Filtration, reabsorption of
nutrients and water, secretion of waste products
Glomerular filtration rate - CORRECT ANSWER-Rate blood is filtered through
glomerulus into proximal tubules, normal range: 90-120 mL/min
Proximal Convoluted Tubule - CORRECT ANSWER-Reabsorbs 60% of filtered
water and electrolytes, all nutrients, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate ions, and
vitamins
Loop of Henle - CORRECT ANSWER-Secretes urea, transports water, delivers
concentrated filtrate, actively transports ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine-tunes sodium and water
reabsorption, secretes H+ and K+, filtrate enters collecting tubule
Collecting Tubule - CORRECT ANSWER-Distal tubules empty into larger
collecting tubule, responds to ADH, regulates acid secretion
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of glomeruli, causes
proteinuria, edema, hypertension, hematuria, and decreased GFR
, Chronic Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Progresses to chronic
end-stage renal disease, persistent proteinuria, declining renal function, nephron
atrophy
Nephrotic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Excretion of >3-3.5g protein/day
due to glomerular damage, presents with hypoalbuminemia, edema,
hyperlipidemia
Urinary obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER-Interferes with urine flow, predisposes
to infections, can lead to acute kidney injury and necrosis
Nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER-Formation of renal stones, risk factors
include hypercalcemia, hyperoxaluria, and genetic predisposition
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection of kidneys, often
ascending, caused by E. coli, presents with fever, CVA tenderness, pyuria
Etiology of Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Small atrophic kidneys
with diffuse scarring
Risk Factors for Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Vesicoureteral
reflux, Urinary obstruction-calculi, & Neurogenic bladder
Pathogenesis of Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Chronic
infections, interstitial inflammation, reduction in functional nephrons
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Minimal
symptoms, less intense flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
Treatment for Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Correction of
underlying issue, antibiotic therapy, support renal functions
Etiology of Cystic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetically
transmitted, ARPKD evident at birth, ADPKD symptoms later
Pathophysiology of Cystic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Fluid-filled
cysts, hyperplasia of renal cells, cyst formation, vessel development
Functions of the renal system - CORRECT ANSWER-Includes fluid balance,
detoxification, glucose regulation, blood pressure regulation, erythropoietin
production, and vitamin D activation
Normal anatomy of the renal system - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood filtered in
kidneys, urine produced, moves through ureters to bladder, excreted through
urethra
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-Functional unit of kidneys where urine is made
and concentrated, one billion per kidney
Major functions of the nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-Filtration, reabsorption of
nutrients and water, secretion of waste products
Glomerular filtration rate - CORRECT ANSWER-Rate blood is filtered through
glomerulus into proximal tubules, normal range: 90-120 mL/min
Proximal Convoluted Tubule - CORRECT ANSWER-Reabsorbs 60% of filtered
water and electrolytes, all nutrients, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate ions, and
vitamins
Loop of Henle - CORRECT ANSWER-Secretes urea, transports water, delivers
concentrated filtrate, actively transports ions
Distal Convoluted Tubule - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine-tunes sodium and water
reabsorption, secretes H+ and K+, filtrate enters collecting tubule
Collecting Tubule - CORRECT ANSWER-Distal tubules empty into larger
collecting tubule, responds to ADH, regulates acid secretion
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of glomeruli, causes
proteinuria, edema, hypertension, hematuria, and decreased GFR
, Chronic Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Progresses to chronic
end-stage renal disease, persistent proteinuria, declining renal function, nephron
atrophy
Nephrotic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Excretion of >3-3.5g protein/day
due to glomerular damage, presents with hypoalbuminemia, edema,
hyperlipidemia
Urinary obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER-Interferes with urine flow, predisposes
to infections, can lead to acute kidney injury and necrosis
Nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER-Formation of renal stones, risk factors
include hypercalcemia, hyperoxaluria, and genetic predisposition
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Infection of kidneys, often
ascending, caused by E. coli, presents with fever, CVA tenderness, pyuria
Etiology of Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Small atrophic kidneys
with diffuse scarring
Risk Factors for Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Vesicoureteral
reflux, Urinary obstruction-calculi, & Neurogenic bladder
Pathogenesis of Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Chronic
infections, interstitial inflammation, reduction in functional nephrons
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Minimal
symptoms, less intense flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
Treatment for Chronic Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Correction of
underlying issue, antibiotic therapy, support renal functions
Etiology of Cystic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetically
transmitted, ARPKD evident at birth, ADPKD symptoms later
Pathophysiology of Cystic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Fluid-filled
cysts, hyperplasia of renal cells, cyst formation, vessel development
