MORTUARY SCIENCE
MICROBIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-The scientific study of microorganisms
(also called microbes and sometimes germs) and their effect on other living
things. Individual microorganisms are too small to be seen without the aid of a
microscope.
MICROBIOLOGY- GENERAL - CORRECT ANSWER-The study and
classification of microbes and how they function.
MICROBIOLOGY-MEDICAL - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of pathogens, the
diseases they cause and the body's defenses against them.
MICROBIOLOGY-VETERINARY - CORRECT ANSWER-This is concerned with
the spread and control of infectious disease among animals, and the
transmission of diseases from animals to humans.
MICROBIOLOGY-AGRIGULTURAL - CORRECT ANSWER-Studies the
beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation and fertility.
MICROBIOLOGY-SANITARY - CORRECT ANSWER-The processing and
disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as well as the purification and
processing of water supplies to ensure that no pathogens are carried to the
consumer by drinking water.
MICROBIOLOGY-INDUSTRIAL - CORRECT ANSWER-Monitors and maintains
the essential microorganisms for commercial purposes (beer & cheese)
5 Categories of Microbiology - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Bacteriology - the study
of bacteria
2. Rickettsiology- the study of rickettsia
3. Virology- the study of viruses
4. Protozoology- the study of protozoa
5. Mycology- the study of fungi
,PATHOGENS - CORRECT ANSWER-Organisms that cause disease in humans
NON-PATHOGENS - CORRECT ANSWER-Microorganisms that are considered
beneficial or harmless.
INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
INDIGENOUS MICROBIAL OR
NORMAL FLORA - CORRECT ANSWER-Organisms that are normally found
within the human body. They are useful because they can inhibit growth of
pathogens by:
1. Occupying space
2. Using the food and water supply available
3. Secreting waste products and toxins that inhibit the growth of pathogens.
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTOZOA & ALGAE - CORRECT ANSWER-1. True
Nucleus - an organelle that controls and integrates the functions of the entire
cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear membrane.
2. Cytoplasm - the part of the cell where most of the work is performed. It refers
to the many functional organelles inside the cell.
3. Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of membranes that forms a network of
tubules connecting the outside of the cell to the nucleus. It transports nutrients
to the nucleus and provides structural support.
4. Ribosomes - attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. They
are made of RNA and protein. They synthesize essential proteins for
use in the cell.
5. Golgi complex - a group of membranes that packages secretory products in
small sacs called vesicles for storage or export outside the cell.
6. Lysosomes - small sacs that contain lysoyme and other digestive enzymes
that break down foreign material taken into the cell by phagocytosis(the
engulfing of large particles by certain types of white blood cells called
phagocytes). They also destroy worn out cell part and may destroy the entire cell
by autolysis.
7. Mitrochondria - the power plant of the cell. This is where ATP(adenosine
triphosphate) is formed to meet the cells energy needs
,8. Cell wall - some eukaryotic cells in plants, algae and fungi have cell walls. The
primary purpose of the cell wall is rigidity and to keep the cell from rupturing. The
cell walls of eukaryotes is far less complex than those of prokaryotes.
9. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that
it only allows certain molecules to pass through it. DNA
10. Flagella - structures of motility. They are long, whip-like, filament containing
appendages that propel the cell. Sperm cells propel themselves through the use
of flagella. They are propelled by using a wave-like motion of
PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA (blue-green algae) - CORRECT ANSWER-1.
Ribosomes - these are the site of protein synthesis.
2. Mesosomes - these are inward folding of the cell membrane. This is the site of
ATP production in prokaryotes
3. Cell wall - semi-rigid structure that provides the cell with its shape and keeps
the cell from rupturing. Not all bacteria have cell walls. Composed of
peptidoglycan
4. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that
it allows only certain molecules to pass through it.
5. Flagella - long, whip-like structures that propel the bacteria. Prokaryotes spin
their flagellum at their point of attachment in either a clockwise of
counterclockwise direction.
6. Pili or fimbriae - used to attach bacterial cells to surfaces. Fimbriae are shorter,
thinner and straighter than flagella. They vary from a few at each end of the cell
to hundreds over the entire surface of the cell. Pili are longer than fimbriae, and
differ in that there are usually only one or two on the surface of the bacteria and
they allow bacterial cells to join together to transfer DNA from one cell to another.
This is called Conjugation. Genetic material from the first cell is
passed to another existing cell. This is not a form of reproduction. No new cells
are formed. This is the process that allows bacterial cells to become resistant to
antibiotics so quickly. If you have one bacteria that is resistant and it passes its
genetic material to a second cell, than the second cell will have the material
necessary to be resistant to the antibiotics.
7. Endospores - a thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to
survive unfavorable environmental conditions such as low food supply, lack of
carbon or nitrogen sources. The endospore or spore can enable the organism to
survive for
, thousands of years. This is not a reproductive process because the number o
PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of disease, its causes,
mechanisms, and effects on the body.
1. Gross - Morbid Anatomy - Changes visible to the naked eye
2. Histo - Changes in tissues
3. Surgical - tissue removed during a surgical procedure (biopsy)
4. Clinical - laboratory procedure used in making a medical diagnosis
5. Physiological - functional changes associated w/ diseases & disorders
6. Medicolegal (Forensic) - accidents, suicides, murders - unexplained deaths
DISEASE - CORRECT ANSWER-any change or aberration in the normal
structure or function of any tissue, organ or system of the body. Disease is an
unhealthy condition in a part or physiological system.
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Gross Pathology
2. Histo-Pathology
3. Surgical Pathology
4. Clinical Pathology
5. Medicolegal (Forensic) Pathology
GROSS PATHOLOGY-AKA MORBID ANATOMY - CORRECT ANSWER-Looking
at changes that are visible to the naked eye during a postmortem examination.
HISTO-PATHOLOGY-Changes in Tissues - CORRECT ANSWER-This involves
microscopic examination of tissue.
May also be called Pathologic Histology. Histology is the study of tissue.
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-study of tissue that has been
removed from a body during a surgical procedure. This is one method of
obtaining tissue for a biopsy, which will involve microscopic observation.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-the numerous laboratory
procedures that are used in making a medical diagnosis. Whenever laboratory
methods are applied toward the resolution of
clinical problems.
MICROBIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-The scientific study of microorganisms
(also called microbes and sometimes germs) and their effect on other living
things. Individual microorganisms are too small to be seen without the aid of a
microscope.
MICROBIOLOGY- GENERAL - CORRECT ANSWER-The study and
classification of microbes and how they function.
MICROBIOLOGY-MEDICAL - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of pathogens, the
diseases they cause and the body's defenses against them.
MICROBIOLOGY-VETERINARY - CORRECT ANSWER-This is concerned with
the spread and control of infectious disease among animals, and the
transmission of diseases from animals to humans.
MICROBIOLOGY-AGRIGULTURAL - CORRECT ANSWER-Studies the
beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation and fertility.
MICROBIOLOGY-SANITARY - CORRECT ANSWER-The processing and
disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as well as the purification and
processing of water supplies to ensure that no pathogens are carried to the
consumer by drinking water.
MICROBIOLOGY-INDUSTRIAL - CORRECT ANSWER-Monitors and maintains
the essential microorganisms for commercial purposes (beer & cheese)
5 Categories of Microbiology - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Bacteriology - the study
of bacteria
2. Rickettsiology- the study of rickettsia
3. Virology- the study of viruses
4. Protozoology- the study of protozoa
5. Mycology- the study of fungi
,PATHOGENS - CORRECT ANSWER-Organisms that cause disease in humans
NON-PATHOGENS - CORRECT ANSWER-Microorganisms that are considered
beneficial or harmless.
INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
INDIGENOUS MICROBIAL OR
NORMAL FLORA - CORRECT ANSWER-Organisms that are normally found
within the human body. They are useful because they can inhibit growth of
pathogens by:
1. Occupying space
2. Using the food and water supply available
3. Secreting waste products and toxins that inhibit the growth of pathogens.
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTOZOA & ALGAE - CORRECT ANSWER-1. True
Nucleus - an organelle that controls and integrates the functions of the entire
cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear membrane.
2. Cytoplasm - the part of the cell where most of the work is performed. It refers
to the many functional organelles inside the cell.
3. Endoplasmic reticulum - a system of membranes that forms a network of
tubules connecting the outside of the cell to the nucleus. It transports nutrients
to the nucleus and provides structural support.
4. Ribosomes - attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. They
are made of RNA and protein. They synthesize essential proteins for
use in the cell.
5. Golgi complex - a group of membranes that packages secretory products in
small sacs called vesicles for storage or export outside the cell.
6. Lysosomes - small sacs that contain lysoyme and other digestive enzymes
that break down foreign material taken into the cell by phagocytosis(the
engulfing of large particles by certain types of white blood cells called
phagocytes). They also destroy worn out cell part and may destroy the entire cell
by autolysis.
7. Mitrochondria - the power plant of the cell. This is where ATP(adenosine
triphosphate) is formed to meet the cells energy needs
,8. Cell wall - some eukaryotic cells in plants, algae and fungi have cell walls. The
primary purpose of the cell wall is rigidity and to keep the cell from rupturing. The
cell walls of eukaryotes is far less complex than those of prokaryotes.
9. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that
it only allows certain molecules to pass through it. DNA
10. Flagella - structures of motility. They are long, whip-like, filament containing
appendages that propel the cell. Sperm cells propel themselves through the use
of flagella. They are propelled by using a wave-like motion of
PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
BACTERIA, CYANOBACTERIA (blue-green algae) - CORRECT ANSWER-1.
Ribosomes - these are the site of protein synthesis.
2. Mesosomes - these are inward folding of the cell membrane. This is the site of
ATP production in prokaryotes
3. Cell wall - semi-rigid structure that provides the cell with its shape and keeps
the cell from rupturing. Not all bacteria have cell walls. Composed of
peptidoglycan
4. Cell membrane - lines the cell wall. Is selectively permeable which means that
it allows only certain molecules to pass through it.
5. Flagella - long, whip-like structures that propel the bacteria. Prokaryotes spin
their flagellum at their point of attachment in either a clockwise of
counterclockwise direction.
6. Pili or fimbriae - used to attach bacterial cells to surfaces. Fimbriae are shorter,
thinner and straighter than flagella. They vary from a few at each end of the cell
to hundreds over the entire surface of the cell. Pili are longer than fimbriae, and
differ in that there are usually only one or two on the surface of the bacteria and
they allow bacterial cells to join together to transfer DNA from one cell to another.
This is called Conjugation. Genetic material from the first cell is
passed to another existing cell. This is not a form of reproduction. No new cells
are formed. This is the process that allows bacterial cells to become resistant to
antibiotics so quickly. If you have one bacteria that is resistant and it passes its
genetic material to a second cell, than the second cell will have the material
necessary to be resistant to the antibiotics.
7. Endospores - a thick-walled cell produced by a bacterium to enable it to
survive unfavorable environmental conditions such as low food supply, lack of
carbon or nitrogen sources. The endospore or spore can enable the organism to
survive for
, thousands of years. This is not a reproductive process because the number o
PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of disease, its causes,
mechanisms, and effects on the body.
1. Gross - Morbid Anatomy - Changes visible to the naked eye
2. Histo - Changes in tissues
3. Surgical - tissue removed during a surgical procedure (biopsy)
4. Clinical - laboratory procedure used in making a medical diagnosis
5. Physiological - functional changes associated w/ diseases & disorders
6. Medicolegal (Forensic) - accidents, suicides, murders - unexplained deaths
DISEASE - CORRECT ANSWER-any change or aberration in the normal
structure or function of any tissue, organ or system of the body. Disease is an
unhealthy condition in a part or physiological system.
DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Gross Pathology
2. Histo-Pathology
3. Surgical Pathology
4. Clinical Pathology
5. Medicolegal (Forensic) Pathology
GROSS PATHOLOGY-AKA MORBID ANATOMY - CORRECT ANSWER-Looking
at changes that are visible to the naked eye during a postmortem examination.
HISTO-PATHOLOGY-Changes in Tissues - CORRECT ANSWER-This involves
microscopic examination of tissue.
May also be called Pathologic Histology. Histology is the study of tissue.
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-study of tissue that has been
removed from a body during a surgical procedure. This is one method of
obtaining tissue for a biopsy, which will involve microscopic observation.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - CORRECT ANSWER-the numerous laboratory
procedures that are used in making a medical diagnosis. Whenever laboratory
methods are applied toward the resolution of
clinical problems.
