HLST 200 Final Exam Questions With 100%
Verified Answers
What is a virus?
Small, infectious pathogen
Must have a living cell to reproduce
May alter host DNA or leave their own DNA
What are some of the diseases caused by viruses?
Gastroenteritis
Flu
Herpes
Hepatitis
HIV/AIDS
What is a bacteria?
One cell organisms with rigid cell walls that are capable of replicating their own DNA
What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
UTI's
Tuberculosis
Toxic shock syndrome
Strep throat
What are fungi?
Eukaryotic organisms that spread through reproductive spores and absorb nutrients from organic
matter
What are some conditions caused by fungi?
Athlete's foot
Fungal nail infection
Mouldy food
What is protozoa?
Single-celled, microscopic animals that release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells/interfere with
their function
What are some diseases caused by protozoa?
Giardiasis
Malaria
What are helminths?
Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients
What are some conditions caused by helminths?
Schistosomiasis
Tapeworms
,Describe the chain of infection
Infectious agent
Reservoirs (place where infectious agent can grow)
Portal of Exit
Mode of transmission (way to move from reservoir to host)
Portals of entry
Susceptible host (depends on person's health and level of exposure to infectious agent or pathogen)
What is vector borne transmission?
When an insect or animal transmits a disease to humans
What are the 5 methods of pathogen transmission?
Direct contact—body surface to body surface
Indirect contact—contact of a susceptible host with hands or objects that are contaminated
Droplet transmission—spread by nasal, oral, conjunctival mucosa that come into contact with large
droplets containing germs from an infected person
Airborne transmission—very small droplets containing germs that are suspended in air/dust. Spread
by air currents and enter into respiratory tract
Common vehicle transmission—contact with contaminated equipment, food, water, medications
What is humoral immunity?
Protection provided by antibodies from white blood cells (B lymphocytes) that fight against specific
antigens
Effective during bacterial or viral infections
Active vs passive Immunity
Active - body makes its own antibodies to a pathogen
Passive - Immunity produced by injection of gamma globulin (antibody-containing part of blood from
another person or animal that has antibodies)
What is cell mediated immunity?
Protection by T cells that are made in bone marrow and carried to thymus for maturation
May activate other immune cells, help in antibody-mediated responses, suppress lymphocyte activity
What are some factors that influence risk of disease?
Age
Chronic Illness
Respiratory conditions
Occupations in close contact
List key features of the Common Cold
Spread by cough, sneezes, touch
Recommended to take Advil (not Tylenol or ASA) to treat specific symptoms
Symptoms include cough, sore throat, runny nose, low energy
, List key features of the Flu
Incubation period of 2 days
Influenza strains A and B cause most infections
Spread through coughs, sneezing
Vaccine available and reduces severity of symptoms
Antivirals prevent protein production that results in virus moving from cell to cell
Different strains can originate from birds, pigs
List key features of SARS
Respiratory illness caused by coronavirus
Can progress from cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, fever to pneumonia or
respiratory failure
Known risk factors are recent travel to an area where SARS is spreading locally and recent close
contact with someone who is ill and either has SARS or has been to an area where SARS is spreading
locally
List key features of Meningitis
Infection of fluid and membranes around brain and SC
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
Symptoms include fever, drowsiness/confusion, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting
Progresses rapidly and if untreated, can lead to permanent hearing loss, brain damage, seizures,
death
Common in first year of life and ages 15-24
Vaccination is available
List key features of Hepatitis
5 different viruses (A, B, C, Delta, E) that target liver
Symptoms include headaches, fever, fatigue, stiff/ aching joints, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice
Hep A is transmitted by poor sanitation, fecal contamination of food or water
Hep B is transmitted through blood/bodily fluids (risk factors include injection-drug use, multiple
heterosex partners, sex with HBV- infected people, drug snorting, blood transfusions, gay activity)
Hep C can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer
Vaccines are available for Hep A and B
List key features of Mononucleosis
Viral disease
Symptoms include sore throat, headache, fever, nausea, prolonged weakness (weakness and fatigue
may linger after 2-3 weeks)
Risk of spleen rupture
Tested through blood test
No cure
List key features of Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection spread through coughs, sneezes that resides in respiratory system
Latent TB occurs when bacteria remains contain or dormant in body and can become active at any
time
Increased risk in immuno-comprised people, poverty stricken, drug/alcohol use, elderly people
Higher rate of infection in Indigenous communities
List key features of West Nile Virus
Mosquito borne virus
Verified Answers
What is a virus?
Small, infectious pathogen
Must have a living cell to reproduce
May alter host DNA or leave their own DNA
What are some of the diseases caused by viruses?
Gastroenteritis
Flu
Herpes
Hepatitis
HIV/AIDS
What is a bacteria?
One cell organisms with rigid cell walls that are capable of replicating their own DNA
What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
UTI's
Tuberculosis
Toxic shock syndrome
Strep throat
What are fungi?
Eukaryotic organisms that spread through reproductive spores and absorb nutrients from organic
matter
What are some conditions caused by fungi?
Athlete's foot
Fungal nail infection
Mouldy food
What is protozoa?
Single-celled, microscopic animals that release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells/interfere with
their function
What are some diseases caused by protozoa?
Giardiasis
Malaria
What are helminths?
Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients
What are some conditions caused by helminths?
Schistosomiasis
Tapeworms
,Describe the chain of infection
Infectious agent
Reservoirs (place where infectious agent can grow)
Portal of Exit
Mode of transmission (way to move from reservoir to host)
Portals of entry
Susceptible host (depends on person's health and level of exposure to infectious agent or pathogen)
What is vector borne transmission?
When an insect or animal transmits a disease to humans
What are the 5 methods of pathogen transmission?
Direct contact—body surface to body surface
Indirect contact—contact of a susceptible host with hands or objects that are contaminated
Droplet transmission—spread by nasal, oral, conjunctival mucosa that come into contact with large
droplets containing germs from an infected person
Airborne transmission—very small droplets containing germs that are suspended in air/dust. Spread
by air currents and enter into respiratory tract
Common vehicle transmission—contact with contaminated equipment, food, water, medications
What is humoral immunity?
Protection provided by antibodies from white blood cells (B lymphocytes) that fight against specific
antigens
Effective during bacterial or viral infections
Active vs passive Immunity
Active - body makes its own antibodies to a pathogen
Passive - Immunity produced by injection of gamma globulin (antibody-containing part of blood from
another person or animal that has antibodies)
What is cell mediated immunity?
Protection by T cells that are made in bone marrow and carried to thymus for maturation
May activate other immune cells, help in antibody-mediated responses, suppress lymphocyte activity
What are some factors that influence risk of disease?
Age
Chronic Illness
Respiratory conditions
Occupations in close contact
List key features of the Common Cold
Spread by cough, sneezes, touch
Recommended to take Advil (not Tylenol or ASA) to treat specific symptoms
Symptoms include cough, sore throat, runny nose, low energy
, List key features of the Flu
Incubation period of 2 days
Influenza strains A and B cause most infections
Spread through coughs, sneezing
Vaccine available and reduces severity of symptoms
Antivirals prevent protein production that results in virus moving from cell to cell
Different strains can originate from birds, pigs
List key features of SARS
Respiratory illness caused by coronavirus
Can progress from cough, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, fever to pneumonia or
respiratory failure
Known risk factors are recent travel to an area where SARS is spreading locally and recent close
contact with someone who is ill and either has SARS or has been to an area where SARS is spreading
locally
List key features of Meningitis
Infection of fluid and membranes around brain and SC
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
Symptoms include fever, drowsiness/confusion, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting
Progresses rapidly and if untreated, can lead to permanent hearing loss, brain damage, seizures,
death
Common in first year of life and ages 15-24
Vaccination is available
List key features of Hepatitis
5 different viruses (A, B, C, Delta, E) that target liver
Symptoms include headaches, fever, fatigue, stiff/ aching joints, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice
Hep A is transmitted by poor sanitation, fecal contamination of food or water
Hep B is transmitted through blood/bodily fluids (risk factors include injection-drug use, multiple
heterosex partners, sex with HBV- infected people, drug snorting, blood transfusions, gay activity)
Hep C can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer
Vaccines are available for Hep A and B
List key features of Mononucleosis
Viral disease
Symptoms include sore throat, headache, fever, nausea, prolonged weakness (weakness and fatigue
may linger after 2-3 weeks)
Risk of spleen rupture
Tested through blood test
No cure
List key features of Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection spread through coughs, sneezes that resides in respiratory system
Latent TB occurs when bacteria remains contain or dormant in body and can become active at any
time
Increased risk in immuno-comprised people, poverty stricken, drug/alcohol use, elderly people
Higher rate of infection in Indigenous communities
List key features of West Nile Virus
Mosquito borne virus
