EDUC118 : Exam Questions With 100%
Correct Answers
research approach
plans and the procedures for research that span the steps from broad assumption to detailed
methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Qualitative research
•Aim:To explore or understand the meaning of individuals or groups
•Process:
• involves emerging questions and procedures, • data typically collected in the participant's setting, •
data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes and • the researcher making
interpretations of the meaning of the data. • The final written report has a flexible structure.
• Uses the an inductive approach to analysis
Quantitative research
•Aim: Tests objective theories
•Process:
• Examines relationships among measurable variables • Uses survey instruments that produce
numbered data • Uses statistical analysis of data generated • Tests theories deductively • Uses a set
structure for the final report
• Uses the an deductive approach to analysis
mixed methods research
• Collects both quantitative and qualitative data
• Integrates the two forms of data
• Uses distinct designs that may involve philosophy or theory
•Yields additional insight to a research problem
Philosophical world views
a general philosophical orientation about the world
•Beliefs about the world and nature of research
•Four common worldviews:
- Postpositivism
- Constructivism
- Transformative
- Pragmatism
Research designs
procedures for inquiry
Research methods
specific data collection, analysis, and interpretation methods
Postpositivism
• "...identify and assess the causes that influence outcomes, such as those found in experiments"
• "...reduce the ideas into a small, discrete set to test"
• "...careful observation and measurement of the objective reality that exists 'out there' in the world"
• "used for theory verification"
, constructivist
• "Social constructivists believe that individuals seek understanding of the world in which they live
and work."
• "These meanings are varied and multiple, leading the researcher to look for the complexity of views
rather than narrowing rather than meanings into a few categories or ideas."
• The more open-ended the questioning, the better, as the researcher listens carefully to what people
say or do in their life settings.
• Used for theory generation.
Transformative
• "...research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political change agenda to confront
social oppression at whatever level it occurs"
• "...contains an action agenda for reform that may change lives of the participants, the institutions in
which individuals work or live, and the researcher's life"
• "...speak(s) to important social issues of the day, issues such as empowerment, inequality,
oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation"
• "...inquirer will proceed collaboratively so as to not further marginalize participants as the result of
inquiry"
Quantitative research designs
•Experimental research
• Randomized experiment
• Quasi experiment
• Non experimental research
• Causal-comparative research
• Correlational design • Survey research
Qualitative research designs
• Narrative research •Phenomenological research
•Grounded theory •Ethnography
• Case studies
• Content analysis
quantitative approach is best when
-Identifying factors that influence a particular outcome
-Evaluating the utility of an intervention
-Understanding best predictors of an outcome
Qualitative approach is best when
-The topic is new
-The subject has not been addressed with a certain sample
-Existing theories do not apply
mixed methods approach is best when
-Neither quantitative nor qualitative approaches are adequate to understand a research problem
-The strength of qualitative and quantitative approaches provides the best understanding
-E.g., generalize findings and develop detailed view
Correct Answers
research approach
plans and the procedures for research that span the steps from broad assumption to detailed
methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Qualitative research
•Aim:To explore or understand the meaning of individuals or groups
•Process:
• involves emerging questions and procedures, • data typically collected in the participant's setting, •
data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes and • the researcher making
interpretations of the meaning of the data. • The final written report has a flexible structure.
• Uses the an inductive approach to analysis
Quantitative research
•Aim: Tests objective theories
•Process:
• Examines relationships among measurable variables • Uses survey instruments that produce
numbered data • Uses statistical analysis of data generated • Tests theories deductively • Uses a set
structure for the final report
• Uses the an deductive approach to analysis
mixed methods research
• Collects both quantitative and qualitative data
• Integrates the two forms of data
• Uses distinct designs that may involve philosophy or theory
•Yields additional insight to a research problem
Philosophical world views
a general philosophical orientation about the world
•Beliefs about the world and nature of research
•Four common worldviews:
- Postpositivism
- Constructivism
- Transformative
- Pragmatism
Research designs
procedures for inquiry
Research methods
specific data collection, analysis, and interpretation methods
Postpositivism
• "...identify and assess the causes that influence outcomes, such as those found in experiments"
• "...reduce the ideas into a small, discrete set to test"
• "...careful observation and measurement of the objective reality that exists 'out there' in the world"
• "used for theory verification"
, constructivist
• "Social constructivists believe that individuals seek understanding of the world in which they live
and work."
• "These meanings are varied and multiple, leading the researcher to look for the complexity of views
rather than narrowing rather than meanings into a few categories or ideas."
• The more open-ended the questioning, the better, as the researcher listens carefully to what people
say or do in their life settings.
• Used for theory generation.
Transformative
• "...research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political change agenda to confront
social oppression at whatever level it occurs"
• "...contains an action agenda for reform that may change lives of the participants, the institutions in
which individuals work or live, and the researcher's life"
• "...speak(s) to important social issues of the day, issues such as empowerment, inequality,
oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation"
• "...inquirer will proceed collaboratively so as to not further marginalize participants as the result of
inquiry"
Quantitative research designs
•Experimental research
• Randomized experiment
• Quasi experiment
• Non experimental research
• Causal-comparative research
• Correlational design • Survey research
Qualitative research designs
• Narrative research •Phenomenological research
•Grounded theory •Ethnography
• Case studies
• Content analysis
quantitative approach is best when
-Identifying factors that influence a particular outcome
-Evaluating the utility of an intervention
-Understanding best predictors of an outcome
Qualitative approach is best when
-The topic is new
-The subject has not been addressed with a certain sample
-Existing theories do not apply
mixed methods approach is best when
-Neither quantitative nor qualitative approaches are adequate to understand a research problem
-The strength of qualitative and quantitative approaches provides the best understanding
-E.g., generalize findings and develop detailed view
