LAW
SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1............................................................................................................. 3
1.1.................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.................................................................................................................. 3
Codified standards:............................................................................................3
The application of law:.......................................................................................4
legal writings and teachings..................................................................................4
religious writings and teachings.............................................................................4
customary law and legal principles.........................................................................4
Legal principles................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 2............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.................................................................................................................. 5
2.3.................................................................................................................. 6
chapter 8............................................................................................................. 7
8.1.................................................................................................................. 7
8.2.................................................................................................................. 7
8.3.................................................................................................................. 7
8.4.................................................................................................................. 8
8.5.................................................................................................................. 8
chapter 9............................................................................................................. 8
9.1.................................................................................................................. 8
Civil law......................................................................................................... 9
Common law.................................................................................................... 9
Islamic law...................................................................................................... 9
the CISG......................................................................................................... 9
Other remedies............................................................................................... 10
9.2................................................................................................................. 10
Fault-based liability.......................................................................................... 10
Strict liability................................................................................................. 11
chapter 10.......................................................................................................... 12
10.1............................................................................................................... 12
1
, 10.2............................................................................................................... 12
10.3............................................................................................................... 12
the nature of labour contracts.............................................................................12
duration of the contract....................................................................................13
minimum wage................................................................................................ 13
labour conditions............................................................................................. 13
non-discrimination........................................................................................... 13
the rights to organize and collective bargaining........................................................13
social security standards....................................................................................14
chapter 11.......................................................................................................... 14
11.1............................................................................................................... 14
unincorporated............................................................................................... 14
incorporated companies.....................................................................................14
special legal forms........................................................................................... 15
11.2............................................................................................................... 15
CHapter 14.......................................................................................................... 16
14.1............................................................................................................... 16
14.2............................................................................................................... 16
14.3............................................................................................................... 16
14.4............................................................................................................... 16
2
, CHAPTER 1
1.1
Law organizes just behavior in a society.
Substantive law: Substantive law is composed of legal rules that define the content of just behavior.
Formal law: Formal law is composed of legal rules that maintain substantive law. (punishments)
Public law: Public law is the law that regulates the relation between a government and its citizens.
Private law: Private law is the law that regulates the relation between citizen or those who act as
citizens.
The branches of law:
- At international level: economic cooperation.
- At national public law level: constitutional and administrative law, and criminal law.
- At national private law level we categorize law that deals with contracts; liability, labor
contracts, the legal form of a company, privacy, and intellectual property.
1.2
just implies a balance between the values ‘’justice’’, ‘’opportuness’’, and ‘’legal certainty’’.
- Justice: Justice is the moral conviction of a given society expressed in law. (when someone
damages something of you, you may except a compensation back – justice).
- Opportuness: Opportuness is the expression of effectiveness by a given society in law. (the
choice to drive a car on either the left side or the right side of the road seems a random
choice, but a country can set rules for this. It is an opportune way to effectively regulate
traffic).
- Legal certainty: legal certainty is the expression of legality in a given society. (every citizen
and the relevant government should know the legal consequences of their actions
beforehand, and not afterwards. This means for instance that a citizen cannot be punished
for something that was not forbidden at the time of his actions).
1.3
Natural law: in a natural law approach it is assumed that laws emerge from nature. (law does not
need to be codified (written down) first to be a law)
Positivist law: In a positivist law approach, it is assumed that law comes forth from codification (law
is only law when it has been written down first)
1.4
The following sources are generally used: codified standards, the application of law, legal writings
and teachings, religious writings and teachings, customary law and legal principles.
within them All sources have elements of both positivist law and natural, however the balance is
different.
CODIFIED STANDARDS:
Codified standards are written rules produced by a legislator.
International codified standards
Treaty: A treaty is a written contract between two or more states who consider themselves bound
to its content relative to each other.
- A bilateral treaty is a treaty to which two states are party.
- A multilateral treaty is a treaty to which more than two states are party.
The state’s consent to be bound by a treaty is usually expressed in two steps:
- The signature: The signature of a treaty implies the consent of the responsible negotiator on
behalf of the state to the treaty.
3
SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter 1............................................................................................................. 3
1.1.................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.................................................................................................................. 3
Codified standards:............................................................................................3
The application of law:.......................................................................................4
legal writings and teachings..................................................................................4
religious writings and teachings.............................................................................4
customary law and legal principles.........................................................................4
Legal principles................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 2............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.................................................................................................................. 5
2.3.................................................................................................................. 6
chapter 8............................................................................................................. 7
8.1.................................................................................................................. 7
8.2.................................................................................................................. 7
8.3.................................................................................................................. 7
8.4.................................................................................................................. 8
8.5.................................................................................................................. 8
chapter 9............................................................................................................. 8
9.1.................................................................................................................. 8
Civil law......................................................................................................... 9
Common law.................................................................................................... 9
Islamic law...................................................................................................... 9
the CISG......................................................................................................... 9
Other remedies............................................................................................... 10
9.2................................................................................................................. 10
Fault-based liability.......................................................................................... 10
Strict liability................................................................................................. 11
chapter 10.......................................................................................................... 12
10.1............................................................................................................... 12
1
, 10.2............................................................................................................... 12
10.3............................................................................................................... 12
the nature of labour contracts.............................................................................12
duration of the contract....................................................................................13
minimum wage................................................................................................ 13
labour conditions............................................................................................. 13
non-discrimination........................................................................................... 13
the rights to organize and collective bargaining........................................................13
social security standards....................................................................................14
chapter 11.......................................................................................................... 14
11.1............................................................................................................... 14
unincorporated............................................................................................... 14
incorporated companies.....................................................................................14
special legal forms........................................................................................... 15
11.2............................................................................................................... 15
CHapter 14.......................................................................................................... 16
14.1............................................................................................................... 16
14.2............................................................................................................... 16
14.3............................................................................................................... 16
14.4............................................................................................................... 16
2
, CHAPTER 1
1.1
Law organizes just behavior in a society.
Substantive law: Substantive law is composed of legal rules that define the content of just behavior.
Formal law: Formal law is composed of legal rules that maintain substantive law. (punishments)
Public law: Public law is the law that regulates the relation between a government and its citizens.
Private law: Private law is the law that regulates the relation between citizen or those who act as
citizens.
The branches of law:
- At international level: economic cooperation.
- At national public law level: constitutional and administrative law, and criminal law.
- At national private law level we categorize law that deals with contracts; liability, labor
contracts, the legal form of a company, privacy, and intellectual property.
1.2
just implies a balance between the values ‘’justice’’, ‘’opportuness’’, and ‘’legal certainty’’.
- Justice: Justice is the moral conviction of a given society expressed in law. (when someone
damages something of you, you may except a compensation back – justice).
- Opportuness: Opportuness is the expression of effectiveness by a given society in law. (the
choice to drive a car on either the left side or the right side of the road seems a random
choice, but a country can set rules for this. It is an opportune way to effectively regulate
traffic).
- Legal certainty: legal certainty is the expression of legality in a given society. (every citizen
and the relevant government should know the legal consequences of their actions
beforehand, and not afterwards. This means for instance that a citizen cannot be punished
for something that was not forbidden at the time of his actions).
1.3
Natural law: in a natural law approach it is assumed that laws emerge from nature. (law does not
need to be codified (written down) first to be a law)
Positivist law: In a positivist law approach, it is assumed that law comes forth from codification (law
is only law when it has been written down first)
1.4
The following sources are generally used: codified standards, the application of law, legal writings
and teachings, religious writings and teachings, customary law and legal principles.
within them All sources have elements of both positivist law and natural, however the balance is
different.
CODIFIED STANDARDS:
Codified standards are written rules produced by a legislator.
International codified standards
Treaty: A treaty is a written contract between two or more states who consider themselves bound
to its content relative to each other.
- A bilateral treaty is a treaty to which two states are party.
- A multilateral treaty is a treaty to which more than two states are party.
The state’s consent to be bound by a treaty is usually expressed in two steps:
- The signature: The signature of a treaty implies the consent of the responsible negotiator on
behalf of the state to the treaty.
3
