MSN503 EXAM 1 2023/2024 VERIFIED EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS RATE GUARANTEED PASS LATEST UPDATE High altitude causes hypoxic injury. This hypoxia causes shunting of blood from the periphery to vital organs including the lungs and results in pulmonary hypertension. Caisson disease is often called the bends and occurs when divers ascend too quickly, resulting in a gas embolism. Gas emboli are formed when carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which are normally dissolved in blood, bubble out of solution. Blast injuries cause significant injury through the collapse of the thorax, the rupture of internal organs, and widespread hemorrhage. Which form of necrosis is associated with tuberculous infe ctions? a. Coagulative b. Liquefactive c. Fat d. Caseous d. caseous Caseous necrosis is normally found in the lung from tuberculosis. Tissues appear soft and granular and resemble clumped cheese (hence the name caseous) and are surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory wall; this pulmonary infection is caused by Mycobacte rium tuberculosis. It is a combination of liquefactive and coagulation necrosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands and is caused by protein degradation. Liquefactive necrosis commonly occurs in the neurons and glial cells. Fat necrosis occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures. It is cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipases. Which are causes of cellular injury? (Select all that apply.) a. Antioxidants b. Chemical agents c. Hypoxia d. Mechanical factors b. chemical agents c. hypoxia d. mechanical factors Injury to cells may be caused by chemical agents, hypoxia, free radicals, infectious agents, physical and mechanical factors, immunologic reactions, genetic factors, and nutritional imbalances. Antioxidants block the synthesis of free radicals. Which are the most common risks of lead exposure in children? (Select all that apply.) a. Slowed growth b. Psychosis c. Reduced IQ d. Attention -deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ) a. slowed growth c. reduced IQ d. ADHD Children exposed to lead in the home are at increased risk of damage to the brain and nervous system, slowed growth and development, learning and behavior problems, and hearing and speech problems. Specifically, th ese risks include reduced IQ, ADHD, juvenile delinquency, and criminal behavior. Psychosis is not a common risk of lead exposure in children. Which statements are true regarding apoptosis? (Select all that apply.) a. An active process of cellular self -destruction b. A process that deletes cells during embryonic development c. Local cell death after severe and sudden injury d. Causes cell loss in proliferating cell populations a. an active process of cellular self -destruction b. a process that deletes cells during embryonic development d. causes cell loss in proliferating cell populations Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is an active process of cellular self -destruction that is implicated in normal embryonic development, as well as in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Necrosis is accidental cell death that occurs to local cells after a severe and sudden injury. It is true that a eukaryotic cell: a. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell. b. contains structures called organe lles. c. lacks a well -defined nucleus. d. does not contain histones. b. contains structures called organelles. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a well -defined nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. The function of a his tone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular: a. division. b. movement. c. activities. d. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. d. DNA folding The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of DNA into chromosomes and do not affect cel lular division, movement, or activities. n organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as a/an a. Golgi complex. b. mitochondrion. c. endoplasmic reticulum. d. nucleolus b. mitochondria Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and energy production. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA -binding proteins. Which statement best describes a desmosome? a. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion. b. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. c. A desmosome is a communicati ng tunnel. d. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens b. desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The other two types include tight junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button -like) points of contact. They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as barriers to diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins. Gap juncti ons are clusters of communicating tunnels. Which statement describes the function of a second messenger? a. Binds with membrane -bound receptors via a ligand b. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events c. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane d. Bl ocks a membrane -bound receptor signal b. triggers a cascade of intracellular events. The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers the activation of intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal transduction pathways in the cell that can initiate different intracellular events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++) are the two major second -messenger pathways. First messengers are the extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Binding of first messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane channels or the activation of second messengers. Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy? a. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules. b. Oxidative cellular m etabolism is a single reaction making adenosine triphosphate (ATP). c. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. d. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. c. oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria Oxidative phosph orylation occurs in the mitochondria. This is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose molecules; it produces a net of two ATP molecules. Oxida tion is a process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred. Oxidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic means in the presence of oxygen. Movement of a so lute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called: a. diffusion. b. filtration. c. osmosis. d. hydrostatic pressure. a. diffusion Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Filtration is the movement of water and solute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than the other. Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane. Which is an example of an energy -releasing process? a. Anabolism b. Catabolism c. Substrate -induced reaction d. Second messenger system b. catabolism Catabolism is an energy -releasing process. The energy -using process is anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product in the reaction. A second messenger is a "pass -
it-on signal." Thi s occurs when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass -it-
on signal. Which describes an amphipathic molecule? a. It is permeable to water only.
it-on signal." Thi s occurs when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass -it-
on signal. Which describes an amphipathic molecule? a. It is permeable to water only.
