Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-
10
Social Categorisation, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Social Categorisation
Stereotyping
Categorisation
Why we categorise?
Common group distinctions
Illusory correlation
Effects of stereotyping
Behavioural assimilation
Stereotype threat
Reluctance to help
Modern racism
Social Learning
Social identity theory
Intergroup Relations and Conflict
Intergroup behaviour
Relative deprivation
Types
Relative deprivation and social unrest
Collective violence
Realistic conflict theory
Sherif’s summer camp studies
Explanation of findings
Further support
Minimal group paradigm
In-group favouritism
Social identity theory
Improving intergroup relations
Realistic conflict theory
Contact hypothesis
Prosocial Behaviour
Prosocial Behaviour
Why do people help?
Evolutionary persepctive
Kin selection
Reciprocal altruism
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 1
, Learning to be helpful
Social norms
Empathy: altruism hypothesis
The Bystander Effect
The Kitty Genovese murder
Cognitive model of bystander intervention
Person factors
Aggression
What is aggression?
Human aggression
Behaviour
Measuring aggression
Lab example
Gaming and aggression
Evidence for
Evidence against
Emotion-induced blindness
Theories of aggression
Psychodynamic thoery
Ethological perspective
Dual-factor theory
Evolutionary
Social learning theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Example study
Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
Excitation transfer
General aggression model (GAM)
Factors influencing aggression
Personality
Type A personality
Narcissism
Other theories
Heat
Presence of a weapon
Alcohol
Relationships
Attraction and Liking
Evolution and attraction
Ideals
Social and contextual factors
Proximity
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 2
, Familiarity
Attitude similarity
Self-disclosure
Social penetration theory
What is love?
Components for love
Three-factor theory of love
Heightened sexual attraction under conditions of anxiety
Triangular theory of love
Social exchange theory
Equity theory
Social Categorisation, Stereotypes and
Prejudice
LO:
Identify different accounts of how we categorise and to be able to explain
how these lead to the formation of stereotypes;
Understand how stereotypes might lead to the formation of prejudice;
Explore different forms of discrimination, both in terms of their potential
targets (based on categories such as gender or ethnicity) and their form
('old' and 'new' forms of discrimination).
Social Categorisation
☁️ Social identity - widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a
social group and its members
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 3
, Stereotyping
Identify their group in society and make assumptions based on this
E.g:
“She is a woman” → “She’s probably emotional”
“She is a business executive” → “She’s probably bossy”
“She collects stamps” → “She’s probably boring”
Based on characteristics of a person, how they can be described,
implications of who they are and why this matters?
E.g
Characteristics (stripy jumper, mask), description (burglar), implications (steals,
criminal), why it matters (you should probs run away)
Categorisation
A process of understanding what something is by knowing what other things it
is equiv. to/ diff. from.
☁️ Category - collections onf instances that have a family resemblance
organised around a prototype
Prototypes - cognitive representation of typical defining features of a
category.
Standards against which family resemblance is assessed &
category membership decided.
Categories not rigid but fuzzy (Rosch, 1978)
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 4
10
Social Categorisation, Stereotypes and Prejudice
Social Categorisation
Stereotyping
Categorisation
Why we categorise?
Common group distinctions
Illusory correlation
Effects of stereotyping
Behavioural assimilation
Stereotype threat
Reluctance to help
Modern racism
Social Learning
Social identity theory
Intergroup Relations and Conflict
Intergroup behaviour
Relative deprivation
Types
Relative deprivation and social unrest
Collective violence
Realistic conflict theory
Sherif’s summer camp studies
Explanation of findings
Further support
Minimal group paradigm
In-group favouritism
Social identity theory
Improving intergroup relations
Realistic conflict theory
Contact hypothesis
Prosocial Behaviour
Prosocial Behaviour
Why do people help?
Evolutionary persepctive
Kin selection
Reciprocal altruism
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 1
, Learning to be helpful
Social norms
Empathy: altruism hypothesis
The Bystander Effect
The Kitty Genovese murder
Cognitive model of bystander intervention
Person factors
Aggression
What is aggression?
Human aggression
Behaviour
Measuring aggression
Lab example
Gaming and aggression
Evidence for
Evidence against
Emotion-induced blindness
Theories of aggression
Psychodynamic thoery
Ethological perspective
Dual-factor theory
Evolutionary
Social learning theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Example study
Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
Excitation transfer
General aggression model (GAM)
Factors influencing aggression
Personality
Type A personality
Narcissism
Other theories
Heat
Presence of a weapon
Alcohol
Relationships
Attraction and Liking
Evolution and attraction
Ideals
Social and contextual factors
Proximity
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 2
, Familiarity
Attitude similarity
Self-disclosure
Social penetration theory
What is love?
Components for love
Three-factor theory of love
Heightened sexual attraction under conditions of anxiety
Triangular theory of love
Social exchange theory
Equity theory
Social Categorisation, Stereotypes and
Prejudice
LO:
Identify different accounts of how we categorise and to be able to explain
how these lead to the formation of stereotypes;
Understand how stereotypes might lead to the formation of prejudice;
Explore different forms of discrimination, both in terms of their potential
targets (based on categories such as gender or ethnicity) and their form
('old' and 'new' forms of discrimination).
Social Categorisation
☁️ Social identity - widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a
social group and its members
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 3
, Stereotyping
Identify their group in society and make assumptions based on this
E.g:
“She is a woman” → “She’s probably emotional”
“She is a business executive” → “She’s probably bossy”
“She collects stamps” → “She’s probably boring”
Based on characteristics of a person, how they can be described,
implications of who they are and why this matters?
E.g
Characteristics (stripy jumper, mask), description (burglar), implications (steals,
criminal), why it matters (you should probs run away)
Categorisation
A process of understanding what something is by knowing what other things it
is equiv. to/ diff. from.
☁️ Category - collections onf instances that have a family resemblance
organised around a prototype
Prototypes - cognitive representation of typical defining features of a
category.
Standards against which family resemblance is assessed &
category membership decided.
Categories not rigid but fuzzy (Rosch, 1978)
Social Psych Lecture Notes 6-10 4
