WGU D094

WGU D094 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Popular motivational theory proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Main Idea Individuals must satisfy a basic series of needs before they can reach their potential. Maslow's Deficiency Needs Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, and Esteem Maslow's Growth Needs Cognitive, Aesthetic, Self-Actualization, Transcendence Maslow's Physiological Need Biological needs for survival, food, water, shelter Maslow's Safety Need Protection from the elements, law and order, financial security, and freedom from fear. Maslow's Love and Belonging Need Need for interpersonal relationships - friendships, intimacy, being part of a group. Maslow's Esteem Need Self-respect, respect from others, achievement, status, and prestige. Maslow's Cognitive Need Curiosity, knowledge, and intellectual exploration Maslow's Aesthetic Need Need focuses on the search for and expression of beauty and balance. Maslow's Self-Actualization Need Personal growth and fulfillment and the realization of one's personal potential as a human being. Maslow's Transcendence Need Meeting spiritual needs or helping others achieve self-actualization. Arnold Gesell First theorist to observe and document stages of physical development. Gesell's Maturational Theory Child's growth & development are influenced by both their environment and genes in sequential order Infancy The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months. Dozens of motor skills are added. Early Childhood The stage of development from 2 - 6 years old. Improvements occur in both fine and gross motor skills. Middle Childhood The stage of development from 6 - 10 years old. Slow but steady gains in weight and height. Adolescence The stage of development from 10 - 18 years old. Weight and height increase rapidly and puberty begins. Jean Piaget Swiss psychologist known for his Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Theory that suggests children move through four different stages of development. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational. Sensorimotor Stage Stage of development from birth to 2 years. Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. Object Permanence The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Major development of sensorimotor stage. Preoperational Stage Stage of development from 2 to 7 years. Kids learn through pretend play. Egocentric and struggle to see others perspective. Concrete Operational Stage Stage of development from 7 to 11 years. Logical thought begins, and they understand the idea of conservation. Formal Operational Stage Stage of development for 12 years and up. Abstract thought begins. Higher order thinking and ability to systematically plan for future. Schema Categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. An organized pattern of behavior or thought. Assimilation Process of using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures (schema). Accomodation Process of changing cognitive structures (schema) in order to accept something from the environment. Can also develop new schemas. Equilibration The attempt to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation. The tendency to organize schemas. Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory that emphasized the important role of social interactions in the development of children's cognition. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) The place where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given. It is the link between what we can do and what we can't do. More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) Someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner. Vygotsky's Social Approach to Language Development Language develops through social interactions. Bandura's Social Learning Theory Learning occurs through observation and modeling. 3 Types of Modeling Live models, direct instruction, and symbolic instruction. Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development Based her work on Kohlberg's theories, but states gender might influence ethical development. Ethics of Care Women's moral and ethical decisions often focus on way decisions will affect people and relationships. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Moral development takes place in stages. Preconventional Stage Moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments Conventional Stage Moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by peer pressure/society Postconventional Stage Moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by your own ethics Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development 8 stages of identify development where people are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of their lives. Trust vs. Mistrust Infants need for comfort and safety. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddlers need for independence and doing things on their own. Initiative vs. Guilt Preschoolers need for initiating activities. Pushing physical and social boundaries. Industry vs. Inferiority Elementary need to compare themselves to peers and see how they measure up. Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescents need to develop a sense of self. Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adults need to share their lives with others. Chomsky's Theory of Language Development Chomsky's theory holds that children learn to use language because of an innate capacity for language and communication; they do not need to be explicitly taught but, rather, pick it up instinctively Universal Grammar Theory states that because most children acquire and use language in a consistent way, there is a common structure or grammar within language. Skinner's Theory of Language Development Language use is conditioned or influenced by the responses you receive from others around you. Operant Conditioning