FNH 350 GET IT RIGHT COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE 2024
What do you mean by electrolytes?
Antiviral and Antibacterial components
What are the antiviral and antibacterial components of saliva ?
IgA
Lysozyme
Lysis (destroys cell wall of bacteria)
What does salivary amylase do?
breaks down carbohydrates by hydrolyzing internal alpha bonds in starch
What does lingual lipase do?
Breaks down dietary triglycerides and converts them to fatty acids
What is an interesting thing about lingual lipase?
Diminishes with age
most active in infants
At what PH is lingual lipase most active?
Within the acidic environment of the stomach- does most of the digestion in the stomach
How long is the esophagus?
10-25 cm
Three stages of passage of the bolus
voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
What is the gastesophageal sphincter
Entrance to the stomach
Controlled by nervous system
There are three stages of swallowing, what are they?
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
What is glycemic load?
Concept of glycemic load (GL) to address this limitation:
Considers both quantity and quality of carbohydrate in a meal
• GL = GI x grams of carbohydrate in a serving of food
What are the 4 portions of the upper digestive system
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
What are the 4 parts of the accessory organ group
,Salivary glands and tounge
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
What are the 4 things salivary glands release?
water
mucus
enzymes
electrolytes
Esophageal
What is the pharynx?
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the
esophagus.
What is the voluntary stage?
Reflex response initiated by a voluntary action and regulated by the swallowing center
in the medulla
How do you swallow?
The esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing it to open and food then goes through
What happens during the pharynxeal phase?
During the pharyngeal phase, the vocal folds close to keep food and liquids from
entering the airway. The larynx rises inside the neck and the epiglottis moves to cover it,
providing even more airway protection.
How does peristalsis work in the esophagus?
The striated (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary) muscles of the distal portion are
stimulated by the nervous system
The stomach consists of 4 regions that are...
cardia
fundus
body
atrium
What is the function of the atrum?
Grinds food and mixes with gastric juices to form chyme
strong peristalsis for gastric emptying
What is the function of the stomach body?
gastric juice secretion
mixing of bolus with circular, longitudinal, diagonal smooth muscle
What are the 4 secretion cells of the stomach mucosa? What do they secret?
Neck cells = alkaline mucus to protect the lining from acidity
Parietal cells cells = HLC for acidity and IF for B12 absorption
Chief cells = enzymes- pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G cells = gastrin production which stimulates chief and parietal cells
,So there is this feedback of G cells further stimulating chief and parietal cells
What does gastrin do?
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the
parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility
4 functions of HCL
- denatures proteins
- Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
-Releases nutrients from organic compounds
-Antibacterial
How does chyme leave the stomach?
The pyloric sphincter
Why does pepsin need to be activated? What activates it?
Activated by HCL in the stomach, you do not want it to be active within the mouth or
else pepsin will digest the lining of your mouth
Whats the first phase of gastric secretion regulation?
When you first eat, drink etc, Ach is secreted from parasympathetic nerves in the
digestive system which causes Gastrin is secreted from G cells and stimulates chief
cells to produce enzymes
Whats the second phase of gastric secretion regulation?
When ingested food reaches the stomach there is distension of the stomach which
stimulates the PSymp NS and causes greater gastric secretions, Caused also by
stimilation of chemoreceptors.
What is the third phase of gastric secretion regulation?
When food enters the duodenum, the lowering in chyme volume and reduction in PH of
gastric juices, releases somatostatin by D cells in the pancrease, atrium, duodenum.
Diminishes parietal and chief cell secretion
What are the three parts of the SI
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
what is the folding patters
folds
villi
enterocytes
microvilli
brush border
Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption
Where absorption occurs
mucus, H2O, enzymes produced by enterocytes
Digestion is usually completed...
In the brush border, but it sometimes occurs in the cytoplasm of enterocytes
How does mixing occur in the SI?
circular muscles alternate contracting and relaxing!!
What are three secretory products of the duodenum?
, alkaline and viscous mucus
-protects mucosa from damage
-neutralizes acidic chyme
secretin
-inhibits gastric secretion
-stimulates pancreas and gallbladder secretions
somatostatin
-released by D cells in the duodenum, pancreas, and atrium of the stomach
-diminshes active cells of stomach
Parietal and chief
How does propelling work in the small intestine?
circular muscles contract and then longitudal relax, then they reverse this
What are the secretions of the pancreas?
-exocrine digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
-endocrine hormones (insulin, glucagon)
The liver is formed by cells called
hepatocytes
The hepatic portal vein will..
takes nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract and pancreas to the liver
Blood passes through plates of liver cells called ? Why?
Sinosoids
Allows blood from the portal vein and hepoatic artery to mix
What does the portal vein do?
brings nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver
What does the hepatic artery do?
carries oxygenated blood to the liver
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart
What does the hepatic vein do?
takes deoxygenated blood away from the liver.
What does the gallbladder do?
concentrates, stores, secretes bile
What is bile?
Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder till its released into the small
intestine.
What does it contain?
bile acids, salts
cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigment
How is bile released?
1. made in liver, stored in gallbladder
2. CCK is released by the duodenum when there is a sense of food in the SI. Causes
gallbladder to contract.
3. When gallbladder contracts, bile is released to cystic duct which joins common bile
duct
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE 2024
What do you mean by electrolytes?
Antiviral and Antibacterial components
What are the antiviral and antibacterial components of saliva ?
IgA
Lysozyme
Lysis (destroys cell wall of bacteria)
What does salivary amylase do?
breaks down carbohydrates by hydrolyzing internal alpha bonds in starch
What does lingual lipase do?
Breaks down dietary triglycerides and converts them to fatty acids
What is an interesting thing about lingual lipase?
Diminishes with age
most active in infants
At what PH is lingual lipase most active?
Within the acidic environment of the stomach- does most of the digestion in the stomach
How long is the esophagus?
10-25 cm
Three stages of passage of the bolus
voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
What is the gastesophageal sphincter
Entrance to the stomach
Controlled by nervous system
There are three stages of swallowing, what are they?
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
What is glycemic load?
Concept of glycemic load (GL) to address this limitation:
Considers both quantity and quality of carbohydrate in a meal
• GL = GI x grams of carbohydrate in a serving of food
What are the 4 portions of the upper digestive system
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
What are the 4 parts of the accessory organ group
,Salivary glands and tounge
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
What are the 4 things salivary glands release?
water
mucus
enzymes
electrolytes
Esophageal
What is the pharynx?
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the
esophagus.
What is the voluntary stage?
Reflex response initiated by a voluntary action and regulated by the swallowing center
in the medulla
How do you swallow?
The esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing it to open and food then goes through
What happens during the pharynxeal phase?
During the pharyngeal phase, the vocal folds close to keep food and liquids from
entering the airway. The larynx rises inside the neck and the epiglottis moves to cover it,
providing even more airway protection.
How does peristalsis work in the esophagus?
The striated (voluntary) and smooth (involuntary) muscles of the distal portion are
stimulated by the nervous system
The stomach consists of 4 regions that are...
cardia
fundus
body
atrium
What is the function of the atrum?
Grinds food and mixes with gastric juices to form chyme
strong peristalsis for gastric emptying
What is the function of the stomach body?
gastric juice secretion
mixing of bolus with circular, longitudinal, diagonal smooth muscle
What are the 4 secretion cells of the stomach mucosa? What do they secret?
Neck cells = alkaline mucus to protect the lining from acidity
Parietal cells cells = HLC for acidity and IF for B12 absorption
Chief cells = enzymes- pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G cells = gastrin production which stimulates chief and parietal cells
,So there is this feedback of G cells further stimulating chief and parietal cells
What does gastrin do?
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the
parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility
4 functions of HCL
- denatures proteins
- Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
-Releases nutrients from organic compounds
-Antibacterial
How does chyme leave the stomach?
The pyloric sphincter
Why does pepsin need to be activated? What activates it?
Activated by HCL in the stomach, you do not want it to be active within the mouth or
else pepsin will digest the lining of your mouth
Whats the first phase of gastric secretion regulation?
When you first eat, drink etc, Ach is secreted from parasympathetic nerves in the
digestive system which causes Gastrin is secreted from G cells and stimulates chief
cells to produce enzymes
Whats the second phase of gastric secretion regulation?
When ingested food reaches the stomach there is distension of the stomach which
stimulates the PSymp NS and causes greater gastric secretions, Caused also by
stimilation of chemoreceptors.
What is the third phase of gastric secretion regulation?
When food enters the duodenum, the lowering in chyme volume and reduction in PH of
gastric juices, releases somatostatin by D cells in the pancrease, atrium, duodenum.
Diminishes parietal and chief cell secretion
What are the three parts of the SI
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
what is the folding patters
folds
villi
enterocytes
microvilli
brush border
Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption
Where absorption occurs
mucus, H2O, enzymes produced by enterocytes
Digestion is usually completed...
In the brush border, but it sometimes occurs in the cytoplasm of enterocytes
How does mixing occur in the SI?
circular muscles alternate contracting and relaxing!!
What are three secretory products of the duodenum?
, alkaline and viscous mucus
-protects mucosa from damage
-neutralizes acidic chyme
secretin
-inhibits gastric secretion
-stimulates pancreas and gallbladder secretions
somatostatin
-released by D cells in the duodenum, pancreas, and atrium of the stomach
-diminshes active cells of stomach
Parietal and chief
How does propelling work in the small intestine?
circular muscles contract and then longitudal relax, then they reverse this
What are the secretions of the pancreas?
-exocrine digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
-endocrine hormones (insulin, glucagon)
The liver is formed by cells called
hepatocytes
The hepatic portal vein will..
takes nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract and pancreas to the liver
Blood passes through plates of liver cells called ? Why?
Sinosoids
Allows blood from the portal vein and hepoatic artery to mix
What does the portal vein do?
brings nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver
What does the hepatic artery do?
carries oxygenated blood to the liver
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart
What does the hepatic vein do?
takes deoxygenated blood away from the liver.
What does the gallbladder do?
concentrates, stores, secretes bile
What is bile?
Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder till its released into the small
intestine.
What does it contain?
bile acids, salts
cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigment
How is bile released?
1. made in liver, stored in gallbladder
2. CCK is released by the duodenum when there is a sense of food in the SI. Causes
gallbladder to contract.
3. When gallbladder contracts, bile is released to cystic duct which joins common bile
duct
