NBCT Early and Middle Childhood Literacy: Reading-Language Arts Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

NBCT Early and Middle Childhood Literacy: Reading-Language Arts Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Pragmatics - Answer- the way we use oral language (or any form of language) for a practical purpose. Stages of Language Acquisition - Answer- 1. Pre-Speech 2. Babbling Stage 3.One Word Stage 4. Two Word Stage 5. Telegraphic Stage (Early Multi-Word Stage) 6. Later Multi-Word Stage Pre-Speech - Answer- When infants learn to pay attention to speech, inflection, and rhythm before they learn to speak. Babbling Stage - Answer- By 2 to 4 months, babies begin to vocalize in response to interactions with caregivers. Laughter begins at about 4 months One Word Stage - Answer- When a toddler uses only one word to convey a full meaning. Underextension - Answer- when children define words more narrowly than adults do Overextension - Answer- the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning Two Word Stage - Answer- beginning at age 2, child speaks mostly in two word statements Early Multi-Word Stage - Answer- This stage is characterized by the early use of grammatical elements and the repetition of longer sentences, but cannot create their own. They tend to leave out parts of speech and are generally only understood by caregivers. Later Multi-Word Stage - Answer- By age 5, children average 4-6 words per sentence and can increase their vocabulary by as many as 20 words per day. 3 Components of Oral Language - Answer- phonological, semantic, syntactic phoneme - Answer- basic unit of sound allophones - Answer- specific variants of phonemes (e.g. the difference in the way the mouth moves when saying /t/ in cat or tape or potter) phone - Answer- the audible sound when a phoneme is spoken aloud vowels - Answer- sounds made without closing the vocal tract diphthongs - Answer- Two-vowel combinations where both vowels are heard, but not quite making their usual sounds because of the blending (i.e. oy in TOY) semivowels - Answer- a sound that is voiced similarly to a vowel but acts as a syllable boundary consonants - Answer- sounds that are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract place of articulation - Answer- where the sound is formed in the mouth and how parts of the mouth work to make the sound 8 places of articulation - Answer- 1. bilabial 2. alveolar 3. post-alveolar 4. palatal 5. velar 6. glottal 7. dental 8. labiodental Stop Sounds - Answer- These are sounds in words that when they are said, you have to stop your tongue to release the air. It is with these letters:T-D-P-K-G fricatives - Answer- produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v) nasals - Answer- consonants produced when air moves through both the mouth and nose when vocalizing phonemes. affricatives - Answer- produced by briefly stopping air and then releasing it with some friction (church) voiced sounds - Answer- sounds made with the vocal folds vibrating unvoiced sounds - Answer- produced with the vocal folds open continuant sounds - Answer- Produced with an incomplete point of constriction. Airflow is not entirely stopped at any time; sounds may be produced continuously until the speaker runs out of breath. (e.g. /s/) non-continuant sounds - Answer- Sounds made as the vocal tract changes through the pronunciation of the phoneme (includes diphthongs, s