Nutrition NR 228 Questions and Answers

Types of sugars - Answer-glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, maltose, lactose Sucralose, aspartame, and saccharin are commonly used alternative sweeteners. essential nutrients - Answer-nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food nonessential nutrients - Answer-Nutrients required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components of the diet. GI organs and functions - Answer-Ingestion- Process of taking food into the mouth, starting it on its journey through the digestive tract Digestion- A group of processes that break complex nutrients into simpler ones, thus facilitating their absorption; mechanical digestion physically breaks large chunks into small bits; chemical digestion breaks molecules apart Motility- Movement by the muscular components of the digestive tube, including processes of mechanical digestion; examples are peristalsis and segmentation Secretion- Release of digestive juices (containing enzymes, acids, bases, mucus, bile, or other products that facilitate digestion); some digestive organs secrete endocrine hormones that regulate digestion or metabolism of nutrients Absorption- Movement of digested nutrients through the gastrointestinal mucosa and into the internal environment Elimination- Excretion of the residues of the digestive process (feces) from the rectum, through the anus; defecation Structures of the GI tract and their function - Answer-Mouth Breaks up food particles Assists in producing spoken language Salivary glands Saliva moistens and lubricates food Amylase digests carbohydrates Pharynx Swallows Esophagus Transports food Stomach Stores and churns food HCI activates enzymes, breaks up food, kills germs Mucus protects stomach wall Limited absorption Pancreas Hormones regulate blood glucose levels Bicarbonates neutralize stomach acidLiver Breaks down and builds up many biological molecules Stores vitamins and iron Destroys old blood cells Destroys poisons Produces bile to aid digestion Gallbladder Stores and concentrates bile Small intestine Completes digestion Mucus protects gut wall Absorbs nutrients, most water Large intestine Reabsorbs some water, ions, and vitamins Forms and stores feces Rectum Stores and expels feces Anus Opening for elimination of feces Monosaccharides - Answer-single carbohydrate units. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides. Disaccharides - Answer-two single carbohydrates bound together. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are disaccharides. Polysaccharides - Answer-many units of monosaccharides joined together. Starch and fiber are food sources of polysaccharides, whereas glycogen is a polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscles Pros of being a vegetarian - Answer-health benefits that are similar to those of a low-fat, high-fiber diet and consist of reduced risks for obesity, CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and certain cancers such as lung and colorectal cancers. Tend to have a lower body weight which reduces the risk for development of hypertension and diabetes. Some vegans believe eating more plant foods—involves less waste and has limited environmental impact on our natural resources and climate change Cons of being a vegetarian - Answer-vegan dietary pattern can provide all the essential nutrients except vitamins D and B12, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. These will need to be consumed through carefully selected fortified foods or consumption of supplements as needed. If the vegan dietary pattern is poorly implemented and depends on refined and processed foods, nutrients may be lacking. People following a vegetarian dietary pattern often find themselves rationalizing their behaviors to others. Why is iodized salt necessary? Why should some people limit salt? - Answer-Iodized salt has iodine which helps make thyroid hormones. Some people should limit salt because too much iodine can cause the same symptoms of iodine deficiency including goiter, thyroid inflammation, and thyroid cancer.Vitamin B1 (thiamine) - Answer-Serves as a coenzyme to activate enzymes that help in energy metabolism. An addition role is the functioning of nerves in muscle actions Riboflavin(B2) - Answer-helps with the release of energy from nutrients in every cell of the body through carbohydrate metabolism Niacin (B3): - Answer-Used for energy metabolism and critical in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer-In the form of PLP it functions as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. This helps in the formation of neurotransmitters for proper functioning of nervous system. PLP also helps in hemoglobin synthesis and iron use