Biology 235 UBCO midterm 2 Exam Questions
With 100% Correct Answers
what does the pyramidal tract control?
learned motor actions
The pyramidal tract works with the ______ to produce smooth, co-ordinated movements. Both are
contralateral projections
extrapyramidal tracts
The CNS develops a _______________. when neural folds fuse along the dorsal midline forming a
hollow tube
embryonic neural tube
what is anencephaly?
failure to fuse at the rostral end of the tube. this leads to failure of brain and skull to develop.
what is spina bifida?
failure of vertebral arches to fuse over caudal spine and cord
do you need treatment for occult spina bifida?
nope. also asymptomatic
what is meningocoele ?
cyst containing only meninges that usually requires surgical repair **meninges = arachnoid, pia, and
dura matter that lines the skull
what is meningomyelocele?
meninges and cords/nerves bulging under the protruding cyst. this leads to neuro defects below the
cyst
list three responses to neural injury?
-axon degeneration
-neuronal death
-astrogliosis (abnormal increase in astrocytes caused by the neural injury)
peripheral nervous system injury can be caused by what 3 things?
-crush injury
-severance
-tumours
what are some possible responses to PNS injury? (4 of them)
-wallerian degeneration
-demyelination
-axon regeneration
-neuroma formation
, define a first degree brain injury (according to cantu guidlines)
No LOC , post contusion symptoms that clear within 30 mins (when you smack your head REALLY hard
into a doorway)
define a second degree brain injury
LOC lasting less than 1 min, post contusion symptoms lasting longer than 30 mins but less than 24
hours (think of that time you crashed the go cart)
define 3rd degree brain injury
LOC lasting more than 1 min, and PTA symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours.
concussion (MTBI) symptoms include...
headache, confusion, dizziness, memory loss (axons stretched or synaptic injury)
examples of ischemic injury?
thrombosis of a cerebral vessel (stroke), a heart attack, cardiovascular shock, and hypoxia
what is flaccid paralysis?
a clinical manifestation characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without
other obvious cause (e.g., trauma). This abnormal condition may be caused by disease or by trauma
affecting the nerves associated with the involved muscles.
True or false. cerebral palsy is progressive
false. it is NON-progressive
Upper motor neuron damage is commonly associated with _____?
cerebral palsy
what are the 3 dysfunction classes of cerebral palsy?
-spastic
-dyskinetic
-ataxic
what is spastic CP?
most common form. people with this often experience stiffness and their movements are stiff/jerky.
Spacity Caused by increased muscle tone
what is dyskinetic cerebral palsy?
these pts have movement outside of their control. caused by damage to basal ganglia
what is ataxic CP?
movements are clumsy and jerky. occurs when a person attempts to perform voluntary movements
such as walking or picking up objects. Ataxia causes an interruption of muscle control in the arms and
legs, resulting in a lack of balance and coordination.
With 100% Correct Answers
what does the pyramidal tract control?
learned motor actions
The pyramidal tract works with the ______ to produce smooth, co-ordinated movements. Both are
contralateral projections
extrapyramidal tracts
The CNS develops a _______________. when neural folds fuse along the dorsal midline forming a
hollow tube
embryonic neural tube
what is anencephaly?
failure to fuse at the rostral end of the tube. this leads to failure of brain and skull to develop.
what is spina bifida?
failure of vertebral arches to fuse over caudal spine and cord
do you need treatment for occult spina bifida?
nope. also asymptomatic
what is meningocoele ?
cyst containing only meninges that usually requires surgical repair **meninges = arachnoid, pia, and
dura matter that lines the skull
what is meningomyelocele?
meninges and cords/nerves bulging under the protruding cyst. this leads to neuro defects below the
cyst
list three responses to neural injury?
-axon degeneration
-neuronal death
-astrogliosis (abnormal increase in astrocytes caused by the neural injury)
peripheral nervous system injury can be caused by what 3 things?
-crush injury
-severance
-tumours
what are some possible responses to PNS injury? (4 of them)
-wallerian degeneration
-demyelination
-axon regeneration
-neuroma formation
, define a first degree brain injury (according to cantu guidlines)
No LOC , post contusion symptoms that clear within 30 mins (when you smack your head REALLY hard
into a doorway)
define a second degree brain injury
LOC lasting less than 1 min, post contusion symptoms lasting longer than 30 mins but less than 24
hours (think of that time you crashed the go cart)
define 3rd degree brain injury
LOC lasting more than 1 min, and PTA symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours.
concussion (MTBI) symptoms include...
headache, confusion, dizziness, memory loss (axons stretched or synaptic injury)
examples of ischemic injury?
thrombosis of a cerebral vessel (stroke), a heart attack, cardiovascular shock, and hypoxia
what is flaccid paralysis?
a clinical manifestation characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without
other obvious cause (e.g., trauma). This abnormal condition may be caused by disease or by trauma
affecting the nerves associated with the involved muscles.
True or false. cerebral palsy is progressive
false. it is NON-progressive
Upper motor neuron damage is commonly associated with _____?
cerebral palsy
what are the 3 dysfunction classes of cerebral palsy?
-spastic
-dyskinetic
-ataxic
what is spastic CP?
most common form. people with this often experience stiffness and their movements are stiff/jerky.
Spacity Caused by increased muscle tone
what is dyskinetic cerebral palsy?
these pts have movement outside of their control. caused by damage to basal ganglia
what is ataxic CP?
movements are clumsy and jerky. occurs when a person attempts to perform voluntary movements
such as walking or picking up objects. Ataxia causes an interruption of muscle control in the arms and
legs, resulting in a lack of balance and coordination.
