PLSC 14 PSU Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass

PLSC 14 PSU Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass States - Answer- Territorial entities in which a central authority provides public goods. Governments - Answer- Bureaucratic-legal apparatus constituting the central authority. Nations - Answer- Sets of people sharing identity of a cultural, ethnic or historic sort. Nation-States - Answer- Combination of a nation and state. Ideal that people within a state have a shared identity. Rare in real world. Correlates of War (COW) - Answer- 500,000+ population, externally sovereign, diplomatic recognition. 190 of them identified. International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) - Answer- Composed of states as members, and are either global or regional, and either single or multi-purpose. Ex. EU, UN Types of IGOs - Answer- Collective Security IGOs (NATO, UN). Economic IGOs (OPEC, IMF). International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) - Answer- Composed of non- state members from two or more countries. Usually exist to pressure gov'ts, or to provide services gov'ts cannot. (Red Cross, Amnesty International) Multi-National Corporations - Answer- Trans-national businesses with facilities in two or more states. International Terroristic Networks - Answer- Non-state, but often state supported trans- national interest groups specializing in violence. Individuals - Answer- Extraordinary personalities that influence world politics. (Mandela) De Facto States - Answer- -Control territory and population, which they "govern" to varying extents. -Lack diplomatic recognition. -Usually arise in weak states, early in state histories or in war-torn areas. (Confederate States of America) Fundamental Characteristics of the International System - Answer- -Anarchy: absence of central authority. -Uncertainty: about others' intentions. -These lead to self-help. Maximizing Power Internally - Answer- -Larger more productive pop. -More effective economic system. -Strong military and weapons capabilities. -Well protected borders. Maximizing Power Externally - Answer- -Make arrangements with other states against common enemies. -Convince other states that a threat to you is a threat to them. -This is a specialty of small states. Security Dilemma - Answer- -Caused by states trying to maximize powers. -When one state increases their power, every other state's goes down, causing them to feel less secure. -(Arms Race) Realism - Answer- -Anarchy + Uncertainty = Self-Help -Self-Help = Security Dilemmas -The only condition that realists predict cooperation will exist is when states have a common enemy. -Consequently, IR is fraught with conflict. COW's Operational Definition of Power (Composite Indicator of Nat'l Capabilities) - Answer- -Demographic (total pop., urban pop.) -Economic (iron & steel production, energy consumption) -Military (total troops, military expenditures) -Index is created from raw totals divided into shares. Founders of Realism - Answer- -Thucydides -Thomas Hobbes Classical Realism - Answer- Adds an assumption that human nature is evil. Neorealism - Answer- most common: anarchy, uncertainty, self help, security dilemmas Offensive Realism - Answer- very aggressive version of neorealism, warfare a constant fear. Defensive Realism - Answer- mild form of neorealism, few states seek to dominate others, most seek peace by maintaining the status quo. Fundamental Assumptions about IR for Liberal Theorists - Answer- -International system is anarchic, but is not a war of all against all. -States seek to maximize utility rather than power or survival. -utility = anything of value such as warmth, a car. Complex Interdependence - Answer- -Different problems require different solutions. -Large military good for border disputes, large market share good for trade disputes. -Easier to find mutually advantageous bargains. International Institutions - Answer- Set of rules known by relevant actors, that structure political interactions in certain ways. (United Nations Security Council) How Institutions Affect Interactions - Answer- -Set standards of behavior -Verify compliance -Reduce decision making costs -Resolve disputes Neo-Liberal Institutionalism - Answer- Anarchy is mainly a problem due to cheating on agreements. IOs can help mitigate the risks from cheating. Interdependence/Globalization - Answer- States that "merge" their economies (trade w each other and invest in each other) are less likely to fight when preferences change. Founders of Liberalism - Answer- -Immanuel Kant -Robert Keohane Goals of Science - Answer- -Describe what happens -Explain why it happens -Predict where it will happen again 1st Objection to Science of IR - Answer- -There is an inherent unpredictability to human behavior. 2nd Objection to Science of IR - Answer- -What happens in politics is too multi-causual. 3rd Objection to Science of IR - Answer- -Inability to experiment. 4th Objection to Science of IR - Answer- -Cannot measure the really interesting concepts in the social world. Game Theory - Answer- -A mathematical presentation of interdependent choice. -Players are assumed to be rational actors. International Law - Answer- A body of rules that binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another and is considered to have the status of law. International Law Arising From Custom - Answer- -International law that usually develops slowly over time as states recognize practices as appropriate and correct. -Not especially clear. International Law by Treaties/Conventions - Answer- -International law that is codified by written agreements. "Hard" International Law - Answer- International law that is obligatory, precis