Psychology 1 - Midterm 2 (UC Berkeley) Exam (Answered;graded A+)

Herman Ebbinghaus - performed tests on himself (primarily) and others involving nonsense syllables, truly scientific/ systematic approach to memory, derived human memory capacity (7) and demonstrated malleability of human mind free recall test - remembering things "out of the blue," free response, no clues or hints cued recall test - answering questions with hints, for example recalling states from memory with the help of a blank map recognition test - identifying the correct answer, multiple choice tests, correct answer is shown amongst other wrong answers Savings test - tests one's ability to relearn something, relearning something is more efficient than learning all new material implicit memory test - test linked to bodily reactions, classically conditioned actions, physical skills; describes the ability of people with amnesia to improve upon their drawing of a star through a mirror, despite having not remembered practicing it before, or the ability to ride a bike in adulthood encoding - the process of converting info into a form that will allow us to retrieve that information later, sensory memory to short term memory storage - the process of retaining critical info for later use, short term memory to long term memory retrieval - the process of accessing the stored information that we have encoded in order to use it, long term memory to short term memory George Sperling - conducted study of sensory memory involving flash of 12 letters linked to a tonesensory memory - the hypothetical memory composed of input from external events, infinite capacity and only lasts for fractions of seconds short term memory (STM) - information deemed relevant, novel, or important from sensory memory, capacity of 7 (give or take 2), lasts 10 seconds to a few days, either forgotten or stored in LTM long term memory (LTM) - the short term memory that is important yet susceptible to distortions and complete fabrications, can be very complex procedural memory - mental and behavior actions known declarative memory - explicit memory that is able to be consciously recalled (includes episodic and semantic memory) serial order (position) effect - retention of information/ items is easier or more difficult due to when it is presented with respect to other information/ items primacy effect - the ability to remember information at the beginning more easily; the importance of first impressions recency effect - the ability to remember information at the end more easily interference - information can be lost or less accurate due to an overlap of similar information proactive interference - new material is lost (not easily stored) due to old material (difficulty with learning new names of classmates) retroactive interference - old material is lost/ forgotten due to new material (forgetting old locker combinations)reconstruction effect - memory can improve when there are ways to tie topics together but also leads to sometimes including inaccurate information into our memories in an attempt to 'fill in the gaps' or 'fix the errors' hindsight bias - altering our memory of our past thinking levels of processing - successful conversion of information from STM to LTM is highly impacted by your approach to make sense of the information -shallow: narrow or no connections, rote learning, no assessment or attempts to explain -deep: more assessment, attempt to explain, sustained by taking breaks to increase the number of primacy and recency effects encoding specificity - our ability to recall something can be increased if we're asked to recall something related first -mood dependency -language studies -situation dependency -state dependency