MDC 4 NUR2755 FINAL EXAM 100% VERIFIED REVIEW STDY GUIDE

1. Alzheimer's Mild Stage -Forgets names; misplaces household items -Has short-term memory loss and difficulty re￾calling new information -Shows subtle changes in personality and be￾havior 2. Alzheimer's Moderate Stage -Is disoriented to time, place, and event -Has difficulty driving and gets lost -Incontinent -Psychotic behaviors, such as delusions, hallu￾cinations, and paranoia -Episodes of wandering, trouble sleeping 3. Alzheimer's Late Stage -Totally incapacitated; bedridden -Totally dependent in ADLs -Has agnosia -Hallucinations -Incontinence -Difficulty eating 4. Apraxia Difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements 5. Aphasia Inability to speak or understand language 6. Anomia Inability to recall the names of everyday objects 7. Agnosia Loss of sensory comprehension, including fa￾cial recognition 8. Alzheimer's diagnostics -No laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis of AD -Definitive diagnosis is made on the basis of brain tissue examination at autopsy, which con￾firms the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques 9. Alzheimer's medications Cholinesterase inhibitors- Donepezil, galanta￾mine MDC 4 NUR2755 FINAL EXAM 100% VERIFIED REVIEW STDY GUIDE 2 / 28 NMDA receptor antagonists- Memantine 10. Parkinson's symptoms -Slow, shuffling, and propulsive gait -RESTING tremors -Muscle rigidity -Bradykinesia/akinesia (loss of ability to move muscles voluntarily) -Mask Like face -Drooling -Postural instability 11. Parkinson's diagnostics -Diagnosis typically made based on manifesta￾tions, their progression, and by ruling out other disease -Analysis of CSF may show a decrease in dopamine levels 12. Parkinson's medications Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet) 13. Parkinson's surgical inter￾ventions Stereotactic pallidotomy or thalamotomy 14. Migraine triggers -Caffeine -Red wine -MSG -Foods high in tyramine (aged cheeses, cul￾tured food like yogurt) 15. Migraine abortive therapy Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, triptans, ergotamine derivatives 16. Migraine preventative therapy 17. Migraine surgical treat￾ment Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics, Botox Trigeminal nerve resection 18. Aura symptoms -Visual disturbances -Flashing lights/lines/spots MDC 4 NUR2755 FINAL EXAM 100% VERIFIED REVIEW STDY GUIDE 3 / 28 19. Multiple sclerosis clinical manifestations 20. Multiple sclerosis diagno￾sis 21. Multiple sclerosis medica￾tions 22. Meningitis clinical mani￾festations -Numbness of lips or tongue -Acute confused state -Aphasia -Vertigo -Unilateral weakness* -Offensive smell -"Deja vu" feeling -Muscle weakness and spasticity -Intention tremors (tremor when performing an activity) -Diplopia (double vision) -Nystagmus (an involuntary condition in which the eyes make repetitive uncontrolled move￾ments) -Depression/labile MRI of the brain and spinal cord demonstrates the presence of plaques in at least 2 areas -Baclofen -Disease-modifying therapies -Interferon beta-1a and beta-1b -Corticosteroids -Nuchal rigidity -Kernig Sign -Brudzinski Sign -Decreased level of consciousness -Photosensitivity 23. Kernig Sign Resistance and pain with extension of the client's leg from a flexed position MDC 4 NUR2755 FINAL EXAM 100% VERIFIED REVIEW STDY GUIDE 4 / 28 24. Brudzinski Sign Flexion of the knees and hips occurring with deliberate flexion of the client's neck 25. Meningitis diagnostics Lumbar puncture Appearance of CSF: cloudy (bacterial) or clear (viral) 26. Prevention of meningitis Meningococcal vaccine 27. Droplet precautions -Private room -Stay at least 3 feet away from the patient un￾less wearing a mask -Patients who are transported outside the room should wear a mask -Health care personnel should wear gloves, gown, and mask 28. Tonic-clonic seizure Generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has both stiffening of the muscles (tonic) and rhythmic jerking of the ex￾tremities (clonic) 29. Tonic seizure Clients suddenly lose consciousness and expe￾rience sudden increased muscle tone, loss of consciousness, and have autonomic manifes￾tations 30. Clonic seizure Only the clonic phase is experienced (rhythmic jerking of the extremities) 31. Myoclonic seizure Lasting only seconds, myoclonic seizures con￾sist of brief jerking or stiffening of the extremi￾ties, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical MDC 4 NUR2755 FINAL EXAM 100% VERIFIED REVIEW STDY GUIDE 5 / 28 32. Atonic or akinetic seizure Characterized by a few seconds in which mus￾cle tone is lost 33. Complex partial seizure -Seizures associated with automatisms (behav￾iors that the client is unaware of, such as lip smacking or picking at clothes) -Can cause loss of consciousness 34. Simple partial seizure Seizure where consciousness is maintained 35. Seizure diagnostics -Electroencephalogram (EEG) -CT/MRI 36. Seizure interventions -Turn the patient on their side -Remove objects that may injure the patient -Suction as needed -Oxygen -Padded side rails -IV access (saline lock) -Bed in lowest position -Nothing in mouth -Loosen or remove restrictive clothing 37. Seizure medications -Lorazepam or diazepam IV push to stop a seizure (4 mg over a 2 minute period) -Phenytoin (therapeutic range 10 to 20 mcg/ml) 38. Earliest sign of increased intracranial pressure 39. Increased intracranial pressure early signs 40. Increased intracranial pressure late signs Decreased level of consciousness -EARLIEST SIGN: Decreased level of con￾sciousness -Restlessness -Changes in speech -Confusion -Headache -Nausea and vomiting ’ projectile -Pupillary changes ’ can mean herniation -Cranial nerve dysfunction 6 / 28 41. Increased intracranial pressure interventions 42. Increased intracranial pressure treatment -Ataxia -Cushing's triad (very late sign) -Low stimulation -Semi-fowlers ’ 30 degrees -Head in neutral position -Do not cluster activities -Suction only as needed -Teach patient not to cough or blow their nose -Dim lighting -Stool softeners -Do not bend or bare down IV mannitol given through a filter because it crystallizes at room temperature 43. Cushing's triad Severe hypertension, widened pulse pressure (difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure), bradycardia, irregular respirations 44. Pulse pressure Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure 45. Ischemic stroke Caused by the occlusion of a cerebral artery by either a thrombus or an embolus. 46. Thrombotic stroke Occur secondary to the development of a blood clot on an atherosclerotic plaque in a cerebral artery that gradually shuts off the artery and causes ischemia distal to the occlusion 47. Embolic stroke Caused by an embolus traveling from another part of the body to a cerebral artery. Blood to the brain distal to the occlusion is immediately shut off causing neurologic deficits or a loss of consciousness to instantly occur.