HESI A2 BIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Hierarchic Organizational system for nomenclature
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (Least)
"Keep Penguins Cool Or Find Good Shelter"
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Water
All life, and therefore biology , occurs in water.
Properties of Water
2 Hydrogen bonds Covalently bonded to Oxygen.
Hydrogen Bonding between molecules.
- High specific heat
- Large bodies or water stabilize climates
- Strong cohesive and adhesive properties
- Water freezes forms a lattice crystal resulting in ice floating in water.
- Polarity of water allows it to act as a universal solvent.
- Water can be used to dissolve different solvents.
Carbohydrates
Long chains, or polymers of sugar. Most importantly form the backbone of DNA and RNA.
Saturated
Clogs arteries. NO DOUBLE BONDS in their hydrocarbon tail. SOLID @ room temperature.
Unsaturated
Double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. LIQUID at room temperature.
Phospholipids
Phosphate group (polar) soluble in water. Hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids is nonpolar and nonsoluble
in water.
Ex. Cell Membrane
Steroids
Are lipids, which are precursors to hormones and drugs
, Proteins
They are Polymers of 20 molecules called Amino Acids. Enzymes are a type of protein, which catalyze
different reactions or processes. LARGEST Biological Molecule
Cell
Fundamental unit of biology
Prokaryotic Cells
NO defined nucleus and NO membrane- bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells
Membrane-enclosed nucleus and series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions
of the cell as directed by the genetic information contained in the nucleus.
Nucleus
Contains DNA called Chromosomes.
Ribosomes
Are organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and TRANSLATE the genetic instructions to
produce PROTEINS.
Bound ribosomes
Are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Are found in the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Attached to the nucleur membrane and consists of two continuous parts.
Rough ER
Covered in RIBOSOMES and is responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and membrane production.
Smooth ER
NO ribosomes. It functions in the DETOXification and METABOLISM of multiple molecules.
Golgi Apparatus
Packaging, processing and shipping. "UPS"
Lysosomes
Intracellular DIGESTION. hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids.
Vacuoles
Hierarchic Organizational system for nomenclature
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (Least)
"Keep Penguins Cool Or Find Good Shelter"
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Water
All life, and therefore biology , occurs in water.
Properties of Water
2 Hydrogen bonds Covalently bonded to Oxygen.
Hydrogen Bonding between molecules.
- High specific heat
- Large bodies or water stabilize climates
- Strong cohesive and adhesive properties
- Water freezes forms a lattice crystal resulting in ice floating in water.
- Polarity of water allows it to act as a universal solvent.
- Water can be used to dissolve different solvents.
Carbohydrates
Long chains, or polymers of sugar. Most importantly form the backbone of DNA and RNA.
Saturated
Clogs arteries. NO DOUBLE BONDS in their hydrocarbon tail. SOLID @ room temperature.
Unsaturated
Double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. LIQUID at room temperature.
Phospholipids
Phosphate group (polar) soluble in water. Hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids is nonpolar and nonsoluble
in water.
Ex. Cell Membrane
Steroids
Are lipids, which are precursors to hormones and drugs
, Proteins
They are Polymers of 20 molecules called Amino Acids. Enzymes are a type of protein, which catalyze
different reactions or processes. LARGEST Biological Molecule
Cell
Fundamental unit of biology
Prokaryotic Cells
NO defined nucleus and NO membrane- bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells
Membrane-enclosed nucleus and series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions
of the cell as directed by the genetic information contained in the nucleus.
Nucleus
Contains DNA called Chromosomes.
Ribosomes
Are organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and TRANSLATE the genetic instructions to
produce PROTEINS.
Bound ribosomes
Are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Are found in the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Attached to the nucleur membrane and consists of two continuous parts.
Rough ER
Covered in RIBOSOMES and is responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and membrane production.
Smooth ER
NO ribosomes. It functions in the DETOXification and METABOLISM of multiple molecules.
Golgi Apparatus
Packaging, processing and shipping. "UPS"
Lysosomes
Intracellular DIGESTION. hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids.
Vacuoles
